🌧भूजल पुनर्भरण 🌧 Rain water harvesting 🌧

🌧भूजल पुनर्भरण 🌧 Rain water harvesting 🌧

मित्रांनो आपण सर्वांना माहीत आहेच की पाऊस हा सर्वात शुद्ध जलस्रोत आहे. परंतु पावसाचे पाणी ढगांतून जमिनीकडे प्रवास करताना त्याचे सूक्ष्म जलबिंदू भोवतालच्या हवेच्या संपर्कात येतात. या हवेत असलेले आणि पाण्यात सहजपणे विरघळणारे विविध प्रकारचे प्रदूषक वायू, धूलिकण या पावसाच्या पाण्यात मिसळतात. अंतिमत: हे पावसाचे पाणी घराच्या छपरावर किंवा गच्चीवर पडते तेव्हा त्यामध्ये पक्ष्यांची विष्ठा, धूळ  आणि इतर कचरा मिसळतो. यामुळे  हे पाणी अशुद्ध होते. हे पाहता, पावसाचे पाणी जलसंधारणाद्वारे वापरात आणण्यापूर्वी गाळणे आणि शुद्ध करणे आवश्यक असते._

_ते करण्यासाठी विविध पर्याय आहेत. हे पाणी कशासाठी वापरले जाणार आहे, त्यावर उपलब्ध पर्यायांपैकी कोणता पर्याय वापरावा हे ठरवता येते. जर पावसाचे पाणी शौचालयाच्या फ्लश टँक्ससाठी, वाहने धुण्यासाठी, बागेतील झाडांना घालण्यासाठी, अग्निशमन यंत्रणेसाठी आणि तत्सम दुय्यम गोष्टींसाठी वापरायचे असेल, तर साध्या वाळूच्या गाळण (Sand filter ) पद्धतीचा वापर करता येईल. परंतु हे पावसाचे पाणी आंघोळीसाठी, स्वयंपाकासाठी आणि अगदी पिण्यासाठीही वापरायचे असेल, तर हे पाणी वाळूच्या गाळणीतून (Sand filter ) प्रवाहित झाल्यानंतर ते कार्बन पावडर (अ‍ॅक्टिव्हेटेड चारकोल activated charcoal) अथवा जेलच्या गाळण यंत्रातून प्रवाहित करून पुढे अतिनील किरण (अल्ट्राव्हॉयोलेट रेज् U.V RAYS ) तसेच ‘रिव्हर्स ऑस्मोसिस’(Reverse osmosis)सारख्या तंत्रज्ञानाचा वापर करून अतिशुद्ध करण्यात येते. अशा प्रकारची गाळण यंत्रणा गच्चीवरील पाणी खाली वाहून नेणाऱ्या नळांमध्ये बसवता येते. याचा एक फायदा असा की, गच्चीवरून खाली वाहणाऱ्या पाण्याच्या स्तंभाच्या दबावामुळे गाळण प्रक्रिया वेगाने होऊ शकते. अनेकदा हे पाणी परत उलटे फिरवून गाळण माध्यमातून प्रवाहित केले जाते. यामुळे त्या गाळणीची भोके खुली राहतात._  

🌱🌲पाणी, प्राणी, पक्षी आणि झाडे लावणे हा तुमचाही आवडीचा विषय असेल तर चला एकत्र येऊ निसर्ग फुलवू 🐈🌱🌳 निसर्गप्रेमींच्या परिवारातील सदस्य होण्यासाठी👇

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_शोष खड्डय़ांमध्ये (Soak pit)मात्र एवढी प्रगत गाळण यंत्रणा वापरण्याऐवजी विविध आकारांच्या दगड-गोटय़ांचे थर तयार करून त्यावर बारीक वाळूचा थर पसरविण्यात येतो. या शोष खड्डय़ाला जोडलेल्या नळाच्या टोकाला जाळी असतेच. या नळाद्वारे गुरुत्वाकर्षणाच्या उच्च दाबाखाली वाहून शोष खड्डय़ात आलेले पाणी या नैसर्गिक गाळण्यातून प्रवाहित होऊन जमिनीत मुरते आणि जमिनीच्या पाणीसाठय़ात भर घालते. परंतु जमिनीत मुरणारे हे पाणी सर्व प्रकारच्या प्रदूषकांपासून मुक्त असायला हवे. अन्यथा अशी प्रदूषके जमिनीखालील भूजलात मिसळून जातील आणि हे भूजल प्रदूषित होऊन निरुपयोगी ठरेल._

🌱🌲पाणी, प्राणी, पक्षी आणि झाडे लावणे हा तुमचाही आवडीचा विषय असेल तर चला एकत्र येऊ निसर्ग फुलवू 🐈🌱🌳 निसर्गप्रेमींच्या परिवारातील सदस्य होण्यासाठी👇

Telegram वरून join होण्यासाठी खलील link वापरू शकता👍👍

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(सध्या आपला हा परिवार इतका मोठा झालाय की whatapp वरून सर्वांना एकत्र आणणे possible नाहीये म्हणून कृपया telegram चा वापर करावा.)

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तुम्हाला जर हा blog आवडला असेल तर माझे नवीन blog वाचण्यासाठी blue button वापरून मला follow करा. 

#civil engineers # we convert dreams into reality.

Keywords- #Pollution #  rain water # water harvesting # soak pit # sand # Filter# Civil # engineering # ultraviolet # Reverse # osmosis # charcoal# 

Introduction to physics 📔Physics means?📔

      So many my dear friends think that Physics, mathematics and other subjects are so much difficult and to learn this subject we need to do so many efforts, but it's not totally true any subject in education is very much simple you just need to OBSERVE THAT SUBJECT CLEARLY. You will find that subject like your daily playing games.

Here it is *Introduction to physics* 

  Science has many subjects like physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, other subjects etc. Let us now understand the subject of 'Physics' through some daily activities. # physics subject #

        Physics is something that happens but we can't see it. That is, we hear sound but cannot see sound waves, we see that magnets are attracted to each other but we cannot see that magnetic attraction. In physics we study the natural laws, like an apple falls to the ground and our great scientist see it and we find a discovery called gravity. I mean, we see the apple falling down but we don't see the force of gravity.

        Some important points and their example are mentioned below. I hope you understand that easily. We see these example in our daily life.

You will get here # Scope and excitement of physics #

1) Physics teach us law of nature, if we observe natural activities then definitely we understand the physics. So we starts from our scheduled day. At the morning our alarm ringing and we listen this sounds ultimately we wake up at the early morning. So here main point is ' Sound ' which included into the physics subject. These sounds create some sound waves which we listen.

                       # Ambitious #

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2) So after, at the morning we go for make a tea, for that we boil water. When we observe that hot water creates steam or vapours. So here is main point is Heat. It is also the part of physics. Means heat was dissipated from the water in the form of vapour or steam. These steam we use in many places that is we use it for generating power (For example- electric power, etc) through turbines at a power stations.

3)So now the office time, we take a cars key and go outside. We pull the door of car and seat inside. So here we pull the door means we apply some force to pull the door. The main point is Force. Another example when the car's wheel rotates, their is grip between tyre and the road. That grip create some force, although we stop the car and it slips little bit means we feel some Friction that id also example of force. I hope all understood the force concept.

4) Now we work on the computer. Hence first of all we switch on the button. we give electricity to any device like at current situation we see our mobile / PC etc. It requires electricity , so the these electric or electronic devices are also works on principles of the physics i.e. Electrical Energy . 

         Hey it's evening coffee time, after sunset we switch on the light. The Light is also the part of physics , we see reflection / deflection of light. Yes it is physics.

        So we see some point's i.e. Sound, Heat, Force, Friction, Electricity, Light .

        Physics also includes magnetism, gravity, inertia, etc. I hope you all understand the above points which we experiences in our daily life.

_If you liked this blog, Give your review in comment box.

Keywords- #Physics # Scientist # science # Einstein# mathematics# engineering# 

Labour productivity for different Items of construction work.

 Hii engineers, 

In this blog we are going to see, what is the labour productivity for different items of construction work.

First see labour productivity is the amount of work can be done by a worker in 8 working hours and this values are finalized by government authority.

The labour productivity can be vary according to location of site, site condition and various climatic conditions.

Let's start,

1. Excavation in foundation tranches in soft soil, lead up to 50m and lift up to 1.5m.                         [ 2.27 m3 / mazdoor ]

2. Excavation in foundation tranches in hard soil, lead up to 50m and lift up to 1.5m.                         [ 2.10 m3 / mazdoor ]

3. Excavation in soft and decomposed rock by blasting, lead up to 50m and lift up to 1.5m.         [ 0.55 m3 / mazdoor ]

4. Sand filling in plinth, consolidating and dressing.             [ 4.0 m3 / mazdoor ]

5. Single layer brick flat soling including ramming and dressing the bed etc.                        [ 9 sq. m / mazdoor ]

6.Lime concrete in foundation.                                [ 10 m3 / mason ] 

7. Cement concrete.   [ 5.0 m3 / mason ]

8. Cement concrete ( 1 : 2 : 4 ) for R.C.C work.     [ 3.25 m3 / mason ]

9. Brickwork in foundation and plinth.                   [ 1.25 m3 / mason ]

10. Brickwork in super structure ground floor.      [ 1.10 m3 / mason ]

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11. Half brickwork in partition wall.   [ 7.0 sq.m / mason ]

12. Brickwork in plinth arch.  [ 1.0 m3 / mason ]

13. Reinforced brickwork in slab.  [ 1.0 m3 / mason ]

14. 2.5 cm thik D.P.C. cement concrete.                   [ 12.50 sq.m / mason ]

15. 2 cm thik D.P.C. cement mortar .                      [ 20 sq.m / mason ]

16. Random rubble masonry in foundation and plinth.   [ 1.0 m3 / mason ]

17. Random rubble masonry in superstructure.   [ 0.90 m3 / mason ]. 

18. Ashlar masonry in superstructure.   [ 0.40 m3 / mason ].  

19.  Coursed rubble masonry in superstructure.   [ 0.67 m3 / mason ]. 

20. Brick-on-edge floor with cement mortar.              [ 1.0 sq.m / mason ]

Can a builder sell parking ..?

          For Marathi translation of this blog 👉https://engineerpravinkadam.blogspot.com/2020/11/blog-post.html

   'Parking' is an intimate subject when buying a flat in the society.  There are many misconceptions about whether a builder can sell a flat as well as a parking lot.  Let's take a brief look at the legal information about this.  Let us briefly look at the legal information about this.

 Two types of parking are generally recognized by law. 

 1.  Common / open parking and stealth parking  and

  2.  Covered / Garage Parking .

 👉 The Maharashtra Ownership Flats Act (MOFA) 1963 and the recently passed Rera Act discuss the duties, responsibilities and rights of builder-promoters and the rights of flat customers.  It also includes common space, amenities.  Although the Rera Act has been passed, the Mofa Act has not been repealed by it and the provisions of the Mofa Act apply as long as they do not go against the Rera Act.

 The Development Control Rules approved by the Government have been implemented by the Pune Municipal Corporation and are subject to change from time to time.  According to this regulation, according to the number of flats, the calculation of how much parking should be provided for bicycles, two-wheelers and four-wheelers is given.  According to this calculation, the construction plan of the building is not approved by the municipality without giving information about how much parking has been provided in the respective building.  That is why parking is mandatory in every multi-storey building.

 👉 Common / open parking and stealth parking cannot be sold to builder 

 In the past, it was the responsibility of the builder to mention in the advertisement what the common areas and facilities would be like under the Mofa Act.  Section 2 (n) of the RERA Act now gives a clear list of common areas and facilities, while subsection (iii) clearly mentions base parking, terraces, parks, play areas as well as open parking in common facilities.  Is.  This open parking also includes "stealth parking".  In fact, its meaning is hidden in the name "Common". An important decision on this question was taken by Hon'ble Supreme Court, "Nahalchand Lalunchand Pvt.  Ltd.  Virudh Panchali Co.Op.  Society (A.I.R. 2010 SC 3607) ', it is still applicable today.

 In this case, Hon.  While upholding the judgment of the Mumbai High Court, Hon.  The Supreme Court noted that common or open parking does not fit the definition of "flat" in some MoFA laws and therefore the builder has no right to sell it.  Similarly, the builder does not have the right to sell "stealth" parking as a garage;  When selling a flat, the common area payments are taken by the builder from each flat holder in proportion to the carpet area of ​​the flat, so there is no financial loss to the builder.  The Supreme Court has ruled.  Therefore, such open or stealth parking cannot be sold to the builder, as its use is common.  Similarly, after the completion of the construction of the building, the builder is bound to make a purchase deed of both the land and the building on it in the name of the society.  That is why such open space cannot be sold to the builder as a flat holder as parking.

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 👉 Covered / Garage parking can be sold to builder 

 "A parking space in a building that is enclosed by a wall on all three sides and has a roof above, but does not include an enclosed parking space such as an open parking lot" is defined as "garage" under Section 2 (y) of the Rera Act.  This is what we call 'covered parking' in practical terms.  However, the definition of covered parking under RERA Rules 2 (j) is slightly different from that of closed or covered parking spaces approved as per the construction regulations.  This includes "mechanized parking" currently available.  F. published on the web site of Maharashtra.  A.  In response to Q (Frequently Asked Questions) No. 9, common parking cannot be sold in reply, but it is mentioned that 'covered parking' can be sold as mentioned in Rule 2 (j).  Similarly, if you look at the draft agreement given in the Rera Act, it also shows that covered parking can be sold, but its price has to be shown separately from the price of the flat.  There have also been cases of some members creating their own 'covered' parking lots by putting iron grills against the approved map in the open common parking lot, but this is not expected by law.

   👉Society and parking 

 Society by Lodge no.  The General Body has the power to decide on parking rules, parking fees, etc. as per 72-84 parking.  This is the subject of a separate article.

We briefly explained where parking can be sold or not by law.  But whether any law applies depends on the background of the case.  Although the law is in place, it is still limited given the number of vehicles available.

  There is no space for car parking at home or at work, so many people are now considering options like Ola-Uber.  Suppose the issue of covered parking is resolved, but there is a lot of debate in societies over common parking, and in such cases, first-come, first-served, lottery-fixing and annual slots are decided by by-laws.  In this way, it is more appropriate for everyone to discriminate.

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Keywords # maharera # builders rights # civil engineering # building laws and regulations #

बिल्डरला पार्किंग विकता येते का..?

👉 सोसायटीमध्ये फ्लॅट घेताना 'पार्किंग'  हा जिव्हाळ्याचा विषय असतो. बिल्डर  फ्लॅट बरोबर पार्किंग देखील विकू शकतो  की नाही ह्या बद्दल  बरेचसे गैरसमज दिसून येतात.   ह्या बद्दलची थोडक्यात कायदेशीर माहिती आपण बघूया. ह्या बद्दलची  कायदेशीर माहिती थोडक्यात आपण बघूया.

👉 पार्किंगचे २ प्रकार साधारणपणे कायद्याने ओळखले जातात.

१.  सामाईक  (कॉमन /ओपन)पार्किंग आणि स्टील्ट पार्किंग* आणि 

२. कव्हर्ड / गॅरेज पार्किंग

👉 महाराष्ट्र ओनरशिप फ्लॅट्स ऍक्ट (मोफा) १९६३ हा आद्य कायदा आणि नुकताच पारित झालेला रेरा कायदा यांच्यामध्ये बिल्डर-प्रमोटर ह्यांची कर्तव्ये, जबाबदाऱ्या आणि फ्लॅट ग्राहकांचे हक्क-अधिकार आणि  ह्यांचा उहापोह केलेला आढळून येतो. त्यामध्ये कॉमन जागा, ऍमिनिटीज ह्यांचाही समावेश होतो.  रेरा कायदा जरी पारित झाला असला तरी, मोफा कायदा त्याने रद्द झालेला नाही आणि मोफा कायद्याच्या  तरतुदी जो पर्यंत रेरा कायद्याच्या विरुद्ध होत नाहीत तो पर्यंत त्या लागू होतात. 

सरकारने  संमत केलेली विकास नियंत्रण नियमावली  ( डेव्हलपमेंट कन्ट्रोल रुल्स ) पुणे महानगरपालिकेने लागू केलेली आहे आणि त्यामध्ये काळानुरूप बदल देखील केले जातात. ह्या नियमावलीप्रमाणे  फ्लॅट्सच्या संख्येनुसार सायकल, दुचाकी व चारचाकी वाहनांसाठी किती पार्किंग उपलब्ध करून द्यावे, यासंबंधीचे गणित दिलेले आहे. या गणितानुसार संबंधित इमारतीमध्ये तुम्ही किती पार्किंग उपलब्ध करून दिलेले आहे, याची माहिती दिल्याशिवाय पालिकेत त्या इमारतीचा बांधकाम नकाशा  संमत केला जात नाही. म्हणूनच प्रत्येक बहुमजली इमारतीला  पार्किंग देणे हे नियमाने बंधनकारक आहे. 

👉 कॉमन /ओपन पार्किंग आणि स्टील्ट पार्किंग बिल्डरला विकता येत नाही.

पूर्वी 'मोफा' कायद्याप्रमाणे सामाईक (कॉमन) एरिया आणि फॅसिलिटीज कोणत्या असतील ह्याचा उल्लेख जाहिरातीमध्ये करण्याची जबाबदारी बिल्डर  वर होती. आता  रेरा कायद्याच्या कलम २ (एन) मध्ये सामाईक (कॉमन) एरिया आणि फॅसिलिटीज कोणत्या ठेवायला लागतील  ह्याची स्पष्ट  यादीच  दिली आहे, तर उपकलम (iii ) मध्ये बेसमेंट, गच्ची, पार्क, प्ले एरिया ह्याच बरोबर  ओपन पार्किंगचा देखील स्पष्ट उल्लेख कॉमन फॅसिलिटीज मध्ये  केलेला आहे. ह्या ओपन पार्किंग मध्ये "स्टील्ट पार्किंग" चा देखील समावेश होतो. खरे तर "सामाईक /कॉमन ह्या नावामध्येच त्याचा अर्थ दडला .  आहे. ह्याच प्रश्नावर महत्वपूर्ण निकाल मा. सर्वोच्च न्यायालयाने, "नहालचंद लालूंचंद प्रा. लि . विरुद्ध पांचाली को.ऑप. सोसायटी (ए. आय. आर.  २०१० एस सी. ३६०७)'  ह्या केसमध्ये दिलेला आहे, तो आजही लागू होतो. 

*ह्या केस मध्ये मा. मुंबई उच्च न्यायालयाचा निकाल कायम ठेवताना मा. सर्वोच्च न्यायालायने नमूद केले की कॉमन किंवा ओपन पार्किंग हे काही 'मोफा' कायद्याच्या "फ्लॅट" च्या व्याख्येमध्ये बसत नाही आणि त्यामुळे ते विकण्याचा बिल्डरला अजिबात अधिकार नाही* . त्याचप्रमाणे "स्टील्ट" पार्किंग देखील गॅरेज म्हणून विकण्याचा अधिकार बिल्डरला नाही; एकतर फ्लॅट विकताना कॉमन एरियाचे  पैसे प्रत्येक फ्लॅट धारकांकडून फ्लॅटच्या कार्पेट क्षेत्रफळाच्या प्रमाणात  बिल्डरने घेतलेलेच असतात, त्यामुळे बिल्डरांचे  आर्थिक नुकसान देखील होत नाही, अश्या   स्प्ष्ट शब्दात मा. सर्वोच्च न्यायालयाने निकाल दिला आहे.  त्यामुळे असे ओपन किंवा स्टील्ट पार्किंग बिल्डरला   विकता येत नाही, कारण त्याचा उपयोग हा सामाईक  असतो. त्याचप्रमाणे इमारत बांधून पूर्ण झाल्यानंतर बिल्डरला  जमीन आणि त्यावरील इमारत या दोन्हींचे खरेदीखत सोसायटीच्या नावाने करून देणे म्हणजेच कन्व्हेयन्स करून देणे बंधनकारक असते. त्यामुळे देखील अशी  ओपन जागा बिल्डरला फ्लॅट धारकाला पार्किंग म्हणून विकता येत नाही. 

👉 कव्हर्ड / गॅरेज पार्किंग  बिल्डरला विकता येते.

"इमारतीमधील  पार्किंगची अशी जागा की जिच्या तीनही  बाजू  भिंतींनी बंदिस्त असून वरती छत आहे, परंतु ज्यामध्ये ओपन पार्किंगसारख्या बंदिस्त नसलेल्या पार्किंग जागेचा  समावेश होत नाही" अशी व्याख्या  रेरा कायद्याच्या कलम २ (वाय) अन्वये "गॅरेज" ची केलेली आहे. ह्यालाच आपण व्यावहारिक भाषेत 'कव्हर्ड पार्किंग' म्हणतो. परंतु  रेरा नियमावली   नियम २ (जे ) अन्वये कव्हर्ड पार्किंगची  व्याख्या करण्यात आली आहे ती थोडी वेगळी आहे , ज्यात बांधकाम नियमावलीप्रमाणे मान्य झालेली बंदिस्त किंवा आच्छादित पार्किंग जागा  असे नमूद केले आहे. ह्या मध्ये सध्या उपलब्ध करून देण्यात येणाऱ्या "मेकॅनाइज्ड  पार्किंग" चा देखील समावेश होतो.    महारेराच्या  वेब साईटवर प्रसिद्ध झालेल्या एफ. ए. क्यू (सामान्यपणे  विचारलेले जाणारे प्रश्न)  क्रमांक - ९ च्या अनुषंगाने    उत्तरादाखल कॉमन पार्किंग विकता येणार नाही, पण  नियम २ (जे )  मध्ये नमूद केल्याप्रमाणे 'कव्हर्ड पार्किंग' विकता  येईल असे नमूद केल्याचे दिसून येते. त्याच प्रमाणे रेरा कायद्यामध्ये दिलेल्या करारनाम्याच्या मसुदा पाहिल्यास त्यात देखील  देखील कव्हर्ड पार्किंग विकता  येईल, मात्र त्याची किंमत  फ्लॅटच्या किंमतीपेक्षा  स्वतंत्रपणे दाखवावी  करावी लागेल असे नमूद केल्याचे  दिसून येते. काही सभासदांनी मोकळ्या कॉमन पार्किंगमध्ये मंजूर नकाशाच्या विरुद्ध लोखंडी ग्रील लावून स्वतःच  'कव्हर्ड' पार्किंग तयार केल्याच्या घटनाही दिसून येतात, मात्र हे कायद्याला अपेक्षित नाही. 

👉 सोसायटी आणि पार्किंग

सोसायटी बाय लॉज क्र. ७२-८४ पार्किंग प्रमाणे पार्किंग बद्दलचे नियम, पार्किंग फिज इत्यादी ठरविण्याचे अधिकार जनरल बॉडीला आहेत. हा एक स्वतंत्र लेखाचा विषय आहे.

👉 कायदयाने पार्किंग कुठले  विकता येते किंवा कुठले नाही ह्याची आपण थोडक्यात माहिती घेतली. परंतु कुठलाही कायदा लागू होतो की नाही हे त्या त्या केसच्या पार्श्वभूमीवर अवलंबून असते. कायदा त्याच्या जागी असला  तरी सध्या वाहनांची वाढलेली संख्या बघता कितीही पार्किंग उपलब्ध करून दिले तरी ते कमीच आहे.

 घरी किंवा कामाच्या ठिकाणी गाडी पार्किंगला जागा नाही, म्हणून कित्येक लोक आता ओला -उबर सारख्या पर्यायांचा विचार करायला लागले आहेत. समजा कव्हर्ड पार्किंगचा प्रश्न सुटला तरी सोसायट्यांमध्ये कॉमन  पार्किंग वरून बरेचसे वादविवाद होत असतात आणि अश्या वेळी प्रथम आलेल्यास प्रथम प्राधान्य किंवा लॉटरी काढून वार्षिक स्लॉट ठरविणे असे उपाय उप-नियमांप्रमाणे केले जातात. अश्या   प्रकारात सर्वांनी  तारतम्य बाळगणे जास्त जास्त उचित ठरते. 

जर तुम्ही अश्याच प्रकारची अजुन माहिती जाणून घेऊ    इच्छित आहात तर आमच्या ग्रुप ला आजच जॉइन करा. 

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What are the Important points from surveying subject? 📚📚📚

  During preparation of any government and entrance exam we can't wast our time in Reading lots of books for that purpose we need to find an trusted source of knowledge.

For the ease of students who are preparing for GATE EXAM and for any other exam this important points for surveying. 

I hope you will like this blog.

Theory of probability applied to accidental error only.

 The difference between the most probable value and its observed value is residual error.

 Geodetic surveying is different from plane surveying because of the curvature of the earth.

 The error due to bad ranging is cumulative positive.

 Offsets are short measurements from chain line.

 Invar tape is generally used for short measurements.

 An invar tape is made of an alloy of nickel and steel.

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 Number of links in a 30m chain are 150.

 Ranging is the process of aligning the chain in a straight line between two extremities.

 The principle of ‘working from whole to part’ is used in surveying because of accumulation of errors is prevented.

 A metallic tape is made of cloth and wires.

 For a well conditioned triangle no angle should not be less than 30’ and not more than 120’.

 The position of a point can be fixed more accurately by perpendicular offsets.

 The main object of check line is check the  accuracy of the work and the main object of tie line is to take the details near by the objects.

 River is an obstacle to chaining but not ranging.

 A building is obstacle to both ranging and chaining.

 The angle of intersection of the two plane mirrors of an optical square is 45’.

 45’ angle is used to setup using French cross staff and any angle is set up using adjustable cross staff.

 Method of perpendicular offsets involves less measurements on the ground.

 The correction for sag is always subtractive.

 Cross staff is an instrument used for setting out right angles.

 Line ranger is not used in measuring the perpendicular offsets.

If the length of the chain is found to be short on testing it can be adjusted by straightening the links.

 The maximum tolerance in a 20m chain is 5mm.

 For accurate work steel band is used because it is practically inextensible and is not liable to kinks when in use.

 The length of the chain is measured from outside of one handle to outside of another handle.

 Prismatic compass used for WCB and surveyor compass used for QB.

 For a line AB the fore bearing of line AB and back bearing of AB exactly differ by 180’.

 Local attraction in compass surveying may exist due to presence of magnetic substance near the instrument.

 Declination- the horizontal angle between the true meridian and magnetic meridian.

 Azimuth-the angle between the true meridian and a line.

 Dip-horizontal angle with respect to inclination of dip of the needle.

 Agate cap is fitted with a prismatic compass.

 Theodolite is an instrument used for measuring the both horizontal and vertical angles.

 Size of the theodolite is specified by the diameter of lower plate.

 Spire test is used for adjustment of horizontal axis.

 A level line is a line parallel to the mean spheroid surface of the earth.

 On turning point both back sight and fore sights taken.

 In rise and fall method of levelling provides complete check on BS FS and IS.

 Height of the instrument method is less tedious and quicker.

 The sensitivity of a bubble tube can be increased by increasing the diameter of the tube.

 While doing the levelling in undulating terrain it is preferably set the level on one side of the slope.

 Dumpy level is suitable when many readings taken from single station.

 A series of closely spaced contours called steep slope.

 Direct method of contouring is more accurate.

 Tachometric method is most suitable for hilly terrain.

 Hillock-higher values inside lower values are outside.

 Valley-higher values are outside and lower values are inside.

 Contour interval-the vertical distance between the two consecutive contours.

 Benchmark is established by spirit levelling.

 Plane table surveying require least office work.

 Detailed plotting is generally done by radiation.

 The size of plane table is 600mm*750mm.

 Plumbing fork is used for accurate centring in plane table survey.

 Intersection method is used for locate the position of inaccessible points.

 The two point and three point problem are the methods of orientation and resection.

 Bowditch rule is used when both angular and linear measurements are equal.

 Transit rule is used when angular measurements are more precise than linear measurements.

 Deflection angle-the angle between the 

prolongation of preceding line and the forward line.

 Substance bar used for measurement of horizontal distance in undulated areas.

 Over turning of a vehicle can be avoided by providing transition curves.

 Different grades are joined together by vertical curve.

 The shape of the vertical curve generally provided is parabolic.

 Agonic line is the line joining the points of zero declination.

 Altimeter-height measuring, fathometer-depth measuring, passometer-distance measuring.

 Clino meter-angle measuring, pantograph-plan enlarging or reducing, tellurometer-microwave instrument.

 Offsets are lateral measurements made with respect to the main survey line.

 To determine the length of the bridge triangulation is used.

 Heliograph is a type of sun signal is used in triangulation work.

 Topographical surveying-to determine the natural features of the country.

 Cadastral surveying-to determine the boundaries of field.

 City survey-to determine the railway, drainage, road features of the country.

 The fix of a plane table from three known points is good if the middle station is nearest.

 Plane alidade is used to measure the horizontal and vertical distances directly.

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How to fill GATE 2021 form and it's highlights.

 Hii engineers,

Nearly all the engineering students know about GATE EXAM. 

In 2021 due to covid 19 in gate exam there are some major changes in convenient exam pattern so this highlight will see this first and then we will discuss about how to fill gate form.

Highlights of GATE 2021 exam. 

• Dates of examination: 

1. Friday 5th, Saturday 6th, Sunday 7th, Friday 12th, Saturday 13th and Sunday 14th February, 2021. There are two sessions (forenoon and afternoon) each day.

• Fully Computer Based Test (CBT).
• Two NEW subject papers are introduced: 
• ES (Environmental Science and Engineering)
• XH (Humanities and Social Sciences) in Economics / English / Linguistics / Philosophy / Psychology / Sociology.
• Total number of subject papers: 27
• 
  
  
• Syllabi of all subject papers have been revised for GATE 2021.
• All Test Papers of GATE 2021 will be entirely objective type. 
• The pattern of questions will include some Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ), while the remaining questions may include Multiple Select Questions (MSQ) and/or Numerical Answer Type (NAT) questions.
• ONE or TWO subject papers allowed. TWO Paper combinations have to be chosen from the given list of combinations of papers. Final allotment of TWO papers will still be subject to availability of infrastructure and dates.
• Eligibility criteria is relaxed. A Candidate who is currently studying in th 3rd or higher years of any undergraduate degree program OR has already completed any Government approved degree program in Engineering / Technology / Architecture / Science / Commerce / Arts is eligible to appear for GATE-2021 examination.
• There is NO age limit to appear for GATE 2021 examination.
• Applications will be accepted ONLINE only through GATE-2021 website link GOAPS. Even if a candidate is appearing for TWO Papers, the candidate should fill ONLY ONE application form.
• GATE-2021 score card will remain valid for THREE years from the date of announcement of results.
• Organising Institute: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay).

So this are the highlights of GATE EXAM. 

Now we can discuss about how to fill gate exam form.

Step 1 :

To fill the gate exam form here is the link of Website:

Then first you need to register on website if you are new on website then generate enrollment I'd and password using new user icon which is at end of page. 

For this step you need an active email address and phone number.

Enrollment I'd will send to your registered mail ID.

Step 2.

Using enrollment I'd and password start filling application form from same website 

Which has 4 steps.

A. Exam details 

B. Personal details.

C. Upload documents.

D. Payment.

This all steps are very simple. You can do this in just a few minutes. 

Documents required : 

1. Any one Photo I'd  ( adhar, pan card etc.)

2. Scanned copy of signature of candidate.

3. Good quality identity size photo in scanned format.

4. If candidate is from sheduled cast ( ST/ SC) then cast certificate.

5. Any other documents as per rules of GATE organizing committee.

Mode of payment: 

You can do payment of GATE EXAM (Graduate aptitude Test in examination) only through online mode on the same website.

So my dear friend all the best for your bright future. 

if you want important notes related to GATE EXAM comments me in comment box and like and share this blog with your friends. 

Next blog is on changed syllabus : 

What is removed and what is added in revised syllabus of GATE EXAM 2021.

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