History of indian clay bricks. (Mud briks)

 The use of clay bricks in India dates back to ancient times. Archaeological excavations have revealed that fired clay bricks were used in the construction of the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent from around 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.

In the centuries that followed, the use of fired clay bricks continued to be prevalent in the construction of various structures in India, including temples, forts, palaces, and residential buildings. The Mauryan Empire, which existed from 322 BCE to 185 BCE, is known to have used fired clay bricks extensively in its architecture.

During the Mughal Empire, which lasted from 1526 to 1857, the use of fired clay bricks reached its peak in India. The Mughal rulers, who were great patrons of architecture, used bricks of different shapes and sizes in the construction of many of their iconic structures, such as the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort, and the Jama Masjid.

The use of fired clay bricks in India continued to be prevalent even after the British colonial period began in the 18th century. The British introduced mechanized brick-making techniques, which led to the production of bricks on a larger scale.

Today, fired clay bricks continue to be widely used in India for construction purposes. However, concerns over environmental sustainability and the availability of resources have led to the development of alternative construction materials, such as fly ash bricks, which are made by mixing fly ash, a waste product from coal-fired power plants, with cement and water.

* To read carbon emission  and how can we control  it from cement industry *

Read this article too  👉👉

https://engineerpravinkadam.blogspot.com/2023/05/carbon-emissions-due-to-cement.html

Part-2 How to ✔️check / Check list ❌for new flat (Ready possession ) ?

     As per the part one of checklist I will here discuss about some points need to be checked while purchasing any construction property like Flat, bungalow, or any other constructed property. 

If tou have not visited 1st part of this checklist, must visit I am sure that it will improve your knowledge definitle.

To visit Part 1 Use link - https://engineerpravinkadam.blogspot.com/2022/02/how-to-check-check-list-for-new-flat.html 

For the items mentioned, your answer should be ✔️ or ❌.

Sections - 1.Plumbing and Sanitation:

1. Are all pipes properly fixed?  ✔️

2. Are there any leakages outside? ❌

3. Are all taps, valves, showers, wash basins, sinks, tubs,

geysers, etc., working properly. ✔️

4.is there any choking/leakage?   ❌

4. Are all flushing cisterns and valves working properly? ✔️

5. Are all WC Pans, wash basins and sinks free of cracks/breakages? ✔️

Sections - 2. Electrical

1. Are the following items working properly?

(a) Switches✔️

(b) Plug points✔️ 

(c) Fan points✔️

(d) AC points ✔️ 

(e) Fridge points✔️

(0) Bells (Geysers✔️

(h) Exhaust fan points✔️

(i) Main switch (i) Meters.✔️

2. Are all fuses wired properly?✔️

3. Is the earthing connection tested?✔️

4. Is initial reading of meter noted?✔️

Sections - 3.  Building Exterior and Compound:

1. Is the building, chhajjas, terraces, lofts, and compound cleaned of debris?✔️

2. Is the approach road, laid properly? ✔️

3. Do the compound wall and gate ensure security? ✔️

4. Is the building painted properly?✔️

5. Is the compound finishing completed? ✔️

6. Is the compound, staircase, terrace, passage and common area well lit up?✔️

Sections - General:

1. Is the lift working properly?✔️

 2. Are the steps and staircases provided properly?✔️

3. Is the entrance hall cleaned well?✔️

 4. Are the water pumps in working order?✔️

5. Are the overhead and underground tanks free of leakages and cleaned?

6. Is there sufficient green area?✔️

To get update for my new blogs about construction and civil engineering follow me and share this with your loving ones.✍️✍️Your comments gives me boost to explore more.

How to ✔️check / Check list ❌for new flat (Ready passession ) ?

      In India house is not only a structure made with walls and roofs its a bundle of emotions. and for that reason during buying house this points need to be varify.

In the recent days flat system🏬 is going to be very much popular and due to that demand for flat is increasing day by day.

      But due lack of knowledge about construction, 🏗️flat buyers get confused *

How to check the quality of construction of that flat or building* Checklist for new apartment*  

           ✔️To reduce the loss of buyers we are providing here *Checklist for flat possession* ✔️✔️

For the items mentioned, your answer should be ✔️ or ❌.

A. Sections -

I. Walls:

1. Are there any cracks in walls? ❌

2. Are there any signs of dampness/leakage on walls? ❌

3. Is walls are in vertical plain. ✔️

4. Are all Walls examined? ✔️

II. Tiling:

1. Are there any Cracks in the flooring? ❌

2. Is there any settlement in floors? ❌

3. Is the floor laid to proper slope? ✔️

4. Is the floor properly finished, polished and cleaned? ✔️

5. Are the joints filled properly? ✔️

6. Are all floors/dado examined? ✔️

7. Is the kitchen platform finished properly? ✔️

8. Is the base material tile is properly places.✔️

9. Is tile fitting is solid.✔️

III Terrace/Roof

1. Are there any cracks on the terrace? ❌

 2. Are any leaks visible?  ❌

3. Has the waterproofing treatment been laid to proper slope and correctly? ✔️

4. Are Rainwater pipes/spouts properly fitted and free of choking? ✔️

 5. Have all roofs and ceiling examined?✔️

IV. Doors and Windows:

1. Are all doors/windows opening and closing smoothly?  ✔️

2. Are all doors/windows properly painted/polished? ✔️

3. Are all fittings like locks, tower bolts, stoppers, hinges, etc. working smoothly? ✔️

4. Are all glass panes properly fitted, cleaned and crack free? ✔️

 5. Have you received all the keys? ✔️

V. Finishing:

1. Are all rooms properly painted?✔️

2. Is the main door polished well?✔️

3. Are there any cracks visible? ❌

4. Is there any gap anywhere? ❌

           This is the only one part of check list. I will add second part in part 2 of this blog. To get update for new part and my new blogs about construction and civil engineering follow me and share this with your loving ones.✍️✍️Your comments gives me boost to explore more.

💡TIPS FOR SAVING TIME & 💰MONEY DURING CONSTRUCTION 🕐 Part 1

Welcome back friends, 

We all know that house construction is the very much interesting and important topic of everyone's life, or we can also say like it is the very much important dream in every ones life.

 House construction is also a time consuming or huge investment task some time or if we don't have as much required knowledge about it,

so today we are going to discuss about some basic and important tips that we can use during house construction to save our valuable time and money.

So lets start,

👉Understand the present and future needs of your family.

 Generally house is the place where we spend most of the important and pretty time with our family. Means our family is the prime user of the house so before planning any house we must consider present or future needs of our family, means if a family having two Childs so as per the future requirements we need to design our house with two seprate rooms for each of them.

👉Ensure that the construction plan, working drawings and the estimated costs are in place before starting construction.

   "A good start and a good end is most important" so before starting any construction activity we must have proper plan of building in hand with all the required drawings and a faire estimated cost, because we generally observe that many house constructions stop suddenly or go slower than their scheduled time due to some any changes in drawing or facing financial problems. so before starting actual activity we need to sort out this all issues as much as possible.

👉Use local available materials.

         Transportation is being very much expensive now a days so we can save lots of money by using locally available materials. if we use locally available material we can order it at any time and within very much short duration it can arrive at our construction site hence we can reduce chances of stopping work due to material shortage.

👉Make sure there is maximum natural light and air in all rooms By providing proper ventilation and windows.

   Not all the time artificial light or brightness is good Sometimes natural light play very good role in respect with artificial light. Natural light kills some types of bacteria and prevents fungi production due to moisture. Here is very major role is of your engineer because he can decide where and how much windows are required. Windows and doors are also need to design by considering function of room.

If you want more and more practical knowledge about construction and wanted to be a knowledgeable person in construction *Do follow my blogs👉* also read my other blogs, 

Do

Comments 💬

Follow 👉

Forward to knowledge lovers 😊

🏠How to protect the building from chemical and environmental attack?🏗 Part 2

 Welcome back, friends.

                 As we have discussed in Part 1👉https://engineerpravinkadam.blogspot.com/2021/04/how-to-protect-building-from-chemical.html?m=1 of this blog about. How environment or Chemicals degrade the building,  Effects of chemical on building, How to protect the building from chemical attack? and we done General introduction about  the most. effective, economical and user friendly. Solution To protect the building from chemical attack that is AC- DUR- CT (S).

        We will discuss  more in details about this AC- DUR- CT CS) *Building chemicals* in this blog. 

So lets Go.

       It is Specially designed Coating having judicious blend of high quality. resin and inert fillers. It is recomended for protection of interior & exterior wooden, Concrete and metal surfaces from environmental and chemical attactk.

🤔Where AC-DUR-CT (S) is useable?

AC-DUR-CT (S) is universally acceptable for all types of Civil Engineering structures. It is ideally suitable for:👇👇👇

👉Underground concrete & bridge insulation coating.

👉Roof waterproofing & its maintenance.

👉Marine structure protection & water proofing. Car park, ramps & road marking.

👉Water purification & ETP plants.

👉Metal & wood protection.

( Labours applying solution coat to concrete)

👉Product is suitable for protection from environmental attacks, micro organisms, termites, pollution and heat.

👉It is useful for furnace area, structural protection, water insulation, ETP and other treatment plants, fuel spillage areas.

🤔How it is advantageous over another chemicals available in market?

The system has following advantages👇👇

👉Super sleep and shiny finish with special anti-fungal formula to provide protection from fungus.

👉Excellent gloss and gloss retention.

👉Excellent colour and colour retention.

👉Excellent flow characteristics to form smooth and uniform finish.

👉Excellent durability.

( Expers checking quality of workmanship # Quality control #)

👉Crack bridging & deep penetrating property.

👉Excellent water proofing & chemical resistance.

👉Excellent adhesion & flexibility.

🤔What is the Procedure for Application of this epoxy coating?

            Any construction material is useless until and unless it is use by proper way or apply in work by systematic way.

a) Surface preparation:

        Surface should be sound and free from contaminations such as loose particles, oils, fats, lubricants and laitance.

b) Mixing & Application:

        In stated proportion resin and hardener should be mixed uniformly. Normally two coats are recommended. The dry film thickness (DFT) should be approximately 80-100 microns per coat.

🤔What are the properties of this AC-DUR-CT (S) ?

Typical Properties

Name : AC-DUR-CT(S)

Form: Two component, ready to use

Colour: Pigmented to limited colours

Mixing Ratio: Resin : Hardener   (parts by                                                                   weight )                                                    ( 9:1 )

Coverage :  Approximately 4-5 m2/kg @ 80-150 micron (DFT)

             

         ( Checking of Dry film thickness )

Heat Resistance: 120°C for 30 minutes

Drying Time : 3-4 Hours @ 27°C

Pot Life: 4-5 hrs at 27°C

🤔Is this product (AC- DUR- CT (S)) approved by (BIS ) Indian standard ?

👉         AC- DUR- CT (S) 100% approved by Indian standard and this product confirms to 15-9862-1991 and IS-158-1981.

For multiple product like construction chemica and solutions to your questions must visit to 👉http://www.Applechemie.com

👉Also mention your comment about this blog in comment box.

👉Follow me to get auto notification of my latest upcoming blg. Using Blue button 👉👉👉

Keywords # construction # solutions # Chemical # sulfate # attack # civil # engineering # latest # technology # apple # water proofing # environment # Building chemicals. # 

🏠How to protect the building from chemical and environmental attack?🏗

 Welcome back friends, 

          If one question is blinking in your mind that is "Even after great technologies and experts are available Special care is being taken during construction activity then "why the structures get deteriorate?"

        If this question is blinking in your mind then you are on the right way of thinking as an  engineer and quality construction seeker.

       Most of the structural elements in the  vorious type of Construction activity loose their Strength due to environmental & chemical and environmental factors. In Simple word "Chemical and environmental attacks". 

Now you will ask How'?

         We all know that due to Industrialization various industries produces  huge amount of waste in the Gas, liquid and Solid form. This waste directly and  indirectly present in our environment and here the actual Chemical & environmental attack Starts.

         So many process are involved in the process of chemical attack but I will explain here basic concept of chemical attack that is crystalization.

         Chemicals like sulfate present in environment enter into concrete from pores or voids present in the surface of concrete and this chemical entrapped into internal voids .

         As the time passes this entrapped chemical starts preparing Crystal and this Crystal then develop pressure internally on concrete. As a result we see the cracks on the concrete and this process not happen only in concrete but also in various construction materials by the means of various chemicals and by various ways.

        In advance construction practice construction professionals use various surface treatment like chemical coating on surface of building elements to avoid this future unseen Risk of cracking in the structure.

      As a effective solution of this Chemical and environmental attack. We will discuss here about  Solvent based Coal epoxy Coating system.

It is popularly known as AC-DUR-CT ('s) 

It is two Component Solvent based Coal tar epoxy system. 

For details about this company 👇👇

http://www.Applechemie.com

It is Specially designed Coating having judicious blend of high quality. resin and inert fillers. It is recomended for protection of interior & exterior wooden, Concrete and metal surfaces from environmental and chemical attactk.

A detailed discussion we will do in 2nd part of this blog in which you will get all the details of this epoxy coating system and AC-DUR-CT (S).

Keywords # civil engineering# environment# chemical # attack# science # building # Protection # quality construction #

I am waiting for your response in comment box also follow me to get latest blogs easily...

MCQ in🌍🌋 Earthquake engineering 🌋Part 1

 Welcome back friends, Part 1

             As we all know that all the building structures are rest on Earth. For the safety and stability of the structure we need to have some knowledge about Earth and seismology. 

               Because of that I am here giving mcq questions and answers related to Earth science and seismograph. 👇👇👇

1.Which of the following is not categorised under geologic hazard?

(A) Tropical cyclone

(B) Earthquakes

(C) Volcano

(D) Floods

2. Which one is the 2nd large magnitude earthquake occurred during past 100 yrs?

(A) 2001, Bhuj earthquake

(B) 2004, Sumatra earthquake

(C) 2015, Nepal earthquake

(D) 2005, Kashmir earthquake

3. New Zealand is an example of

(A) Convergent plate boundary 

(B) Divergent plate boundary

(C) Conservative plate boundary

(D) Both convergent and conservative plate boundaries 

4. Which one of the following is a secondary phenomenon during an earthquake?

(A) Fault scarp

(B) Terrace offset

(C) Liquefaction

(D) All of these

5. Which of the following is not categorised under the Himalayan earthquake?

(A) Uttarkashi Earthquake 

(B) Kangra Earthquake 

(C) Gorkha Earthquake 

(D) Bhuj Earthquake 

6. Along which active fault the Trans-Alaska pipeline was survived during an earthquake?

(A) Denali fault

(B) Himalayan frontal thrust

(C) Alpine fault

(D) None of these

7. In which tectonic environment, you can find the surface expression in the form of folding?

(A) Extensional

(B) Compressional

(C) Strike slip 

(D) All of these

8. In which type of the fault the hanging wall is moving up with respect to foot wall?

(A) Normal fault

(B) Strike slip fault

(C) Reverse fault 

(D) None of these

9. _______ is the angle of a fault plane w.r.t. vertical.

(A) Hade

(B) Throw

(C) Heave

(D) Dip

10. Surface along which the block of rock slip is called _____?

(A) Fault zone

(B) Fault Plane

(C) Fault scarp

(D) None of these

11. Now India is divided into ____________ seismic zones.

(A) 5

(B) 3

(C) 6

(D) 4

12. The San Andreas Fault is an example of:

(A) Normal fault

(B) Reverse fault

(C) Right lateral strike slip 

(D) Left lateral strike slip 

13. Point on fault plane where slip initiated is termed as:

(A) Epicenter

(B) Hypocenter

(C) Fault scarp

(D) Hanging wall

14. 1995 Kobe earthquake was occurred in ________.

(A) Japan

(B) United States of America

(C) Taiwan 

(D) India

15. 2005 Muzaffarabad earthquake was occurred on _______ active fault.

(A) Kangra Active fault 

(B) San Andreas fault 

(C) Main Boundary thrust 

(D) Tanda Active fault

16. Sag pond is an example of :

(A) Normal fault

(B) Reverse fault

(C) Strike slip fault

(D) None of these

17. Which type of movement has been seen in right lateral strike-slip fault?

(A) Sinistral movement

(B) Dextral movement 

(C) Upward movement

(D) None of these

18. The displaced aqueduct of Al Harif is in between ________ and _________ plates.

(A) African plate and Arabian plate

(B) Indian plate and Eurasian plate

(C) African plate and Pacific plate

(D) None of these

19. The beds which have a gentle upstream dip will be_______ to the resultant force (R), hence can provides the best resistance to withstand the stresses or loads acting in the area.

(A) Parallel

(B) Perpendicular 

(C) None of these 

20. Taksal fault is an example of:

(A) Normal fault

(B) Reverse fault

(C) Strike slip fault

(D) None of these

To read the Part 2 of this blog 👇👇👇

Link is in comment section 

Source of information - NPTEL 

Keywords# civil engineering # seismology # earth # earthquake # fault # science

Introduction to physics 📔Physics means?📔

      So many my dear friends think that Physics, mathematics and other subjects are so much difficult and to learn this subject we need to do so many efforts, but it's not totally true any subject in education is very much simple you just need to OBSERVE THAT SUBJECT CLEARLY. You will find that subject like your daily playing games.

Here it is *Introduction to physics* 

  Science has many subjects like physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, other subjects etc. Let us now understand the subject of 'Physics' through some daily activities. # physics subject #

        Physics is something that happens but we can't see it. That is, we hear sound but cannot see sound waves, we see that magnets are attracted to each other but we cannot see that magnetic attraction. In physics we study the natural laws, like an apple falls to the ground and our great scientist see it and we find a discovery called gravity. I mean, we see the apple falling down but we don't see the force of gravity.

        Some important points and their example are mentioned below. I hope you understand that easily. We see these example in our daily life.

You will get here # Scope and excitement of physics #

1) Physics teach us law of nature, if we observe natural activities then definitely we understand the physics. So we starts from our scheduled day. At the morning our alarm ringing and we listen this sounds ultimately we wake up at the early morning. So here main point is ' Sound ' which included into the physics subject. These sounds create some sound waves which we listen.

                       # Ambitious #

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2) So after, at the morning we go for make a tea, for that we boil water. When we observe that hot water creates steam or vapours. So here is main point is Heat. It is also the part of physics. Means heat was dissipated from the water in the form of vapour or steam. These steam we use in many places that is we use it for generating power (For example- electric power, etc) through turbines at a power stations.

3)So now the office time, we take a cars key and go outside. We pull the door of car and seat inside. So here we pull the door means we apply some force to pull the door. The main point is Force. Another example when the car's wheel rotates, their is grip between tyre and the road. That grip create some force, although we stop the car and it slips little bit means we feel some Friction that id also example of force. I hope all understood the force concept.

4) Now we work on the computer. Hence first of all we switch on the button. we give electricity to any device like at current situation we see our mobile / PC etc. It requires electricity , so the these electric or electronic devices are also works on principles of the physics i.e. Electrical Energy . 

         Hey it's evening coffee time, after sunset we switch on the light. The Light is also the part of physics , we see reflection / deflection of light. Yes it is physics.

        So we see some point's i.e. Sound, Heat, Force, Friction, Electricity, Light .

        Physics also includes magnetism, gravity, inertia, etc. I hope you all understand the above points which we experiences in our daily life.

_If you liked this blog, Give your review in comment box.

Keywords- #Physics # Scientist # science # Einstein# mathematics# engineering# 

Labour productivity for different Items of construction work.

 Hii engineers, 

In this blog we are going to see, what is the labour productivity for different items of construction work.

First see labour productivity is the amount of work can be done by a worker in 8 working hours and this values are finalized by government authority.

The labour productivity can be vary according to location of site, site condition and various climatic conditions.

Let's start,

1. Excavation in foundation tranches in soft soil, lead up to 50m and lift up to 1.5m.                         [ 2.27 m3 / mazdoor ]

2. Excavation in foundation tranches in hard soil, lead up to 50m and lift up to 1.5m.                         [ 2.10 m3 / mazdoor ]

3. Excavation in soft and decomposed rock by blasting, lead up to 50m and lift up to 1.5m.         [ 0.55 m3 / mazdoor ]

4. Sand filling in plinth, consolidating and dressing.             [ 4.0 m3 / mazdoor ]

5. Single layer brick flat soling including ramming and dressing the bed etc.                        [ 9 sq. m / mazdoor ]

6.Lime concrete in foundation.                                [ 10 m3 / mason ] 

7. Cement concrete.   [ 5.0 m3 / mason ]

8. Cement concrete ( 1 : 2 : 4 ) for R.C.C work.     [ 3.25 m3 / mason ]

9. Brickwork in foundation and plinth.                   [ 1.25 m3 / mason ]

10. Brickwork in super structure ground floor.      [ 1.10 m3 / mason ]

If you want more knowledge about estimating and costing, go through this books.

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11. Half brickwork in partition wall.   [ 7.0 sq.m / mason ]

12. Brickwork in plinth arch.  [ 1.0 m3 / mason ]

13. Reinforced brickwork in slab.  [ 1.0 m3 / mason ]

14. 2.5 cm thik D.P.C. cement concrete.                   [ 12.50 sq.m / mason ]

15. 2 cm thik D.P.C. cement mortar .                      [ 20 sq.m / mason ]

16. Random rubble masonry in foundation and plinth.   [ 1.0 m3 / mason ]

17. Random rubble masonry in superstructure.   [ 0.90 m3 / mason ]. 

18. Ashlar masonry in superstructure.   [ 0.40 m3 / mason ].  

19.  Coursed rubble masonry in superstructure.   [ 0.67 m3 / mason ]. 

20. Brick-on-edge floor with cement mortar.              [ 1.0 sq.m / mason ]

Can a builder sell parking ..?

          For Marathi translation of this blog 👉https://engineerpravinkadam.blogspot.com/2020/11/blog-post.html

   'Parking' is an intimate subject when buying a flat in the society.  There are many misconceptions about whether a builder can sell a flat as well as a parking lot.  Let's take a brief look at the legal information about this.  Let us briefly look at the legal information about this.

 Two types of parking are generally recognized by law. 

 1.  Common / open parking and stealth parking  and

  2.  Covered / Garage Parking .

 👉 The Maharashtra Ownership Flats Act (MOFA) 1963 and the recently passed Rera Act discuss the duties, responsibilities and rights of builder-promoters and the rights of flat customers.  It also includes common space, amenities.  Although the Rera Act has been passed, the Mofa Act has not been repealed by it and the provisions of the Mofa Act apply as long as they do not go against the Rera Act.

 The Development Control Rules approved by the Government have been implemented by the Pune Municipal Corporation and are subject to change from time to time.  According to this regulation, according to the number of flats, the calculation of how much parking should be provided for bicycles, two-wheelers and four-wheelers is given.  According to this calculation, the construction plan of the building is not approved by the municipality without giving information about how much parking has been provided in the respective building.  That is why parking is mandatory in every multi-storey building.

 👉 Common / open parking and stealth parking cannot be sold to builder 

 In the past, it was the responsibility of the builder to mention in the advertisement what the common areas and facilities would be like under the Mofa Act.  Section 2 (n) of the RERA Act now gives a clear list of common areas and facilities, while subsection (iii) clearly mentions base parking, terraces, parks, play areas as well as open parking in common facilities.  Is.  This open parking also includes "stealth parking".  In fact, its meaning is hidden in the name "Common". An important decision on this question was taken by Hon'ble Supreme Court, "Nahalchand Lalunchand Pvt.  Ltd.  Virudh Panchali Co.Op.  Society (A.I.R. 2010 SC 3607) ', it is still applicable today.

 In this case, Hon.  While upholding the judgment of the Mumbai High Court, Hon.  The Supreme Court noted that common or open parking does not fit the definition of "flat" in some MoFA laws and therefore the builder has no right to sell it.  Similarly, the builder does not have the right to sell "stealth" parking as a garage;  When selling a flat, the common area payments are taken by the builder from each flat holder in proportion to the carpet area of ​​the flat, so there is no financial loss to the builder.  The Supreme Court has ruled.  Therefore, such open or stealth parking cannot be sold to the builder, as its use is common.  Similarly, after the completion of the construction of the building, the builder is bound to make a purchase deed of both the land and the building on it in the name of the society.  That is why such open space cannot be sold to the builder as a flat holder as parking.

To read in detail about real estate act 2016 you can reffer this book.

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 👉 Covered / Garage parking can be sold to builder 

 "A parking space in a building that is enclosed by a wall on all three sides and has a roof above, but does not include an enclosed parking space such as an open parking lot" is defined as "garage" under Section 2 (y) of the Rera Act.  This is what we call 'covered parking' in practical terms.  However, the definition of covered parking under RERA Rules 2 (j) is slightly different from that of closed or covered parking spaces approved as per the construction regulations.  This includes "mechanized parking" currently available.  F. published on the web site of Maharashtra.  A.  In response to Q (Frequently Asked Questions) No. 9, common parking cannot be sold in reply, but it is mentioned that 'covered parking' can be sold as mentioned in Rule 2 (j).  Similarly, if you look at the draft agreement given in the Rera Act, it also shows that covered parking can be sold, but its price has to be shown separately from the price of the flat.  There have also been cases of some members creating their own 'covered' parking lots by putting iron grills against the approved map in the open common parking lot, but this is not expected by law.

   👉Society and parking 

 Society by Lodge no.  The General Body has the power to decide on parking rules, parking fees, etc. as per 72-84 parking.  This is the subject of a separate article.

We briefly explained where parking can be sold or not by law.  But whether any law applies depends on the background of the case.  Although the law is in place, it is still limited given the number of vehicles available.

  There is no space for car parking at home or at work, so many people are now considering options like Ola-Uber.  Suppose the issue of covered parking is resolved, but there is a lot of debate in societies over common parking, and in such cases, first-come, first-served, lottery-fixing and annual slots are decided by by-laws.  In this way, it is more appropriate for everyone to discriminate.

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Keywords # maharera # builders rights # civil engineering # building laws and regulations #

बिल्डरला पार्किंग विकता येते का..?

👉 सोसायटीमध्ये फ्लॅट घेताना 'पार्किंग'  हा जिव्हाळ्याचा विषय असतो. बिल्डर  फ्लॅट बरोबर पार्किंग देखील विकू शकतो  की नाही ह्या बद्दल  बरेचसे गैरसमज दिसून येतात.   ह्या बद्दलची थोडक्यात कायदेशीर माहिती आपण बघूया. ह्या बद्दलची  कायदेशीर माहिती थोडक्यात आपण बघूया.

👉 पार्किंगचे २ प्रकार साधारणपणे कायद्याने ओळखले जातात.

१.  सामाईक  (कॉमन /ओपन)पार्किंग आणि स्टील्ट पार्किंग* आणि 

२. कव्हर्ड / गॅरेज पार्किंग

👉 महाराष्ट्र ओनरशिप फ्लॅट्स ऍक्ट (मोफा) १९६३ हा आद्य कायदा आणि नुकताच पारित झालेला रेरा कायदा यांच्यामध्ये बिल्डर-प्रमोटर ह्यांची कर्तव्ये, जबाबदाऱ्या आणि फ्लॅट ग्राहकांचे हक्क-अधिकार आणि  ह्यांचा उहापोह केलेला आढळून येतो. त्यामध्ये कॉमन जागा, ऍमिनिटीज ह्यांचाही समावेश होतो.  रेरा कायदा जरी पारित झाला असला तरी, मोफा कायदा त्याने रद्द झालेला नाही आणि मोफा कायद्याच्या  तरतुदी जो पर्यंत रेरा कायद्याच्या विरुद्ध होत नाहीत तो पर्यंत त्या लागू होतात. 

सरकारने  संमत केलेली विकास नियंत्रण नियमावली  ( डेव्हलपमेंट कन्ट्रोल रुल्स ) पुणे महानगरपालिकेने लागू केलेली आहे आणि त्यामध्ये काळानुरूप बदल देखील केले जातात. ह्या नियमावलीप्रमाणे  फ्लॅट्सच्या संख्येनुसार सायकल, दुचाकी व चारचाकी वाहनांसाठी किती पार्किंग उपलब्ध करून द्यावे, यासंबंधीचे गणित दिलेले आहे. या गणितानुसार संबंधित इमारतीमध्ये तुम्ही किती पार्किंग उपलब्ध करून दिलेले आहे, याची माहिती दिल्याशिवाय पालिकेत त्या इमारतीचा बांधकाम नकाशा  संमत केला जात नाही. म्हणूनच प्रत्येक बहुमजली इमारतीला  पार्किंग देणे हे नियमाने बंधनकारक आहे. 

👉 कॉमन /ओपन पार्किंग आणि स्टील्ट पार्किंग बिल्डरला विकता येत नाही.

पूर्वी 'मोफा' कायद्याप्रमाणे सामाईक (कॉमन) एरिया आणि फॅसिलिटीज कोणत्या असतील ह्याचा उल्लेख जाहिरातीमध्ये करण्याची जबाबदारी बिल्डर  वर होती. आता  रेरा कायद्याच्या कलम २ (एन) मध्ये सामाईक (कॉमन) एरिया आणि फॅसिलिटीज कोणत्या ठेवायला लागतील  ह्याची स्पष्ट  यादीच  दिली आहे, तर उपकलम (iii ) मध्ये बेसमेंट, गच्ची, पार्क, प्ले एरिया ह्याच बरोबर  ओपन पार्किंगचा देखील स्पष्ट उल्लेख कॉमन फॅसिलिटीज मध्ये  केलेला आहे. ह्या ओपन पार्किंग मध्ये "स्टील्ट पार्किंग" चा देखील समावेश होतो. खरे तर "सामाईक /कॉमन ह्या नावामध्येच त्याचा अर्थ दडला .  आहे. ह्याच प्रश्नावर महत्वपूर्ण निकाल मा. सर्वोच्च न्यायालयाने, "नहालचंद लालूंचंद प्रा. लि . विरुद्ध पांचाली को.ऑप. सोसायटी (ए. आय. आर.  २०१० एस सी. ३६०७)'  ह्या केसमध्ये दिलेला आहे, तो आजही लागू होतो. 

*ह्या केस मध्ये मा. मुंबई उच्च न्यायालयाचा निकाल कायम ठेवताना मा. सर्वोच्च न्यायालायने नमूद केले की कॉमन किंवा ओपन पार्किंग हे काही 'मोफा' कायद्याच्या "फ्लॅट" च्या व्याख्येमध्ये बसत नाही आणि त्यामुळे ते विकण्याचा बिल्डरला अजिबात अधिकार नाही* . त्याचप्रमाणे "स्टील्ट" पार्किंग देखील गॅरेज म्हणून विकण्याचा अधिकार बिल्डरला नाही; एकतर फ्लॅट विकताना कॉमन एरियाचे  पैसे प्रत्येक फ्लॅट धारकांकडून फ्लॅटच्या कार्पेट क्षेत्रफळाच्या प्रमाणात  बिल्डरने घेतलेलेच असतात, त्यामुळे बिल्डरांचे  आर्थिक नुकसान देखील होत नाही, अश्या   स्प्ष्ट शब्दात मा. सर्वोच्च न्यायालयाने निकाल दिला आहे.  त्यामुळे असे ओपन किंवा स्टील्ट पार्किंग बिल्डरला   विकता येत नाही, कारण त्याचा उपयोग हा सामाईक  असतो. त्याचप्रमाणे इमारत बांधून पूर्ण झाल्यानंतर बिल्डरला  जमीन आणि त्यावरील इमारत या दोन्हींचे खरेदीखत सोसायटीच्या नावाने करून देणे म्हणजेच कन्व्हेयन्स करून देणे बंधनकारक असते. त्यामुळे देखील अशी  ओपन जागा बिल्डरला फ्लॅट धारकाला पार्किंग म्हणून विकता येत नाही. 

👉 कव्हर्ड / गॅरेज पार्किंग  बिल्डरला विकता येते.

"इमारतीमधील  पार्किंगची अशी जागा की जिच्या तीनही  बाजू  भिंतींनी बंदिस्त असून वरती छत आहे, परंतु ज्यामध्ये ओपन पार्किंगसारख्या बंदिस्त नसलेल्या पार्किंग जागेचा  समावेश होत नाही" अशी व्याख्या  रेरा कायद्याच्या कलम २ (वाय) अन्वये "गॅरेज" ची केलेली आहे. ह्यालाच आपण व्यावहारिक भाषेत 'कव्हर्ड पार्किंग' म्हणतो. परंतु  रेरा नियमावली   नियम २ (जे ) अन्वये कव्हर्ड पार्किंगची  व्याख्या करण्यात आली आहे ती थोडी वेगळी आहे , ज्यात बांधकाम नियमावलीप्रमाणे मान्य झालेली बंदिस्त किंवा आच्छादित पार्किंग जागा  असे नमूद केले आहे. ह्या मध्ये सध्या उपलब्ध करून देण्यात येणाऱ्या "मेकॅनाइज्ड  पार्किंग" चा देखील समावेश होतो.    महारेराच्या  वेब साईटवर प्रसिद्ध झालेल्या एफ. ए. क्यू (सामान्यपणे  विचारलेले जाणारे प्रश्न)  क्रमांक - ९ च्या अनुषंगाने    उत्तरादाखल कॉमन पार्किंग विकता येणार नाही, पण  नियम २ (जे )  मध्ये नमूद केल्याप्रमाणे 'कव्हर्ड पार्किंग' विकता  येईल असे नमूद केल्याचे दिसून येते. त्याच प्रमाणे रेरा कायद्यामध्ये दिलेल्या करारनाम्याच्या मसुदा पाहिल्यास त्यात देखील  देखील कव्हर्ड पार्किंग विकता  येईल, मात्र त्याची किंमत  फ्लॅटच्या किंमतीपेक्षा  स्वतंत्रपणे दाखवावी  करावी लागेल असे नमूद केल्याचे  दिसून येते. काही सभासदांनी मोकळ्या कॉमन पार्किंगमध्ये मंजूर नकाशाच्या विरुद्ध लोखंडी ग्रील लावून स्वतःच  'कव्हर्ड' पार्किंग तयार केल्याच्या घटनाही दिसून येतात, मात्र हे कायद्याला अपेक्षित नाही. 

👉 सोसायटी आणि पार्किंग

सोसायटी बाय लॉज क्र. ७२-८४ पार्किंग प्रमाणे पार्किंग बद्दलचे नियम, पार्किंग फिज इत्यादी ठरविण्याचे अधिकार जनरल बॉडीला आहेत. हा एक स्वतंत्र लेखाचा विषय आहे.

👉 कायदयाने पार्किंग कुठले  विकता येते किंवा कुठले नाही ह्याची आपण थोडक्यात माहिती घेतली. परंतु कुठलाही कायदा लागू होतो की नाही हे त्या त्या केसच्या पार्श्वभूमीवर अवलंबून असते. कायदा त्याच्या जागी असला  तरी सध्या वाहनांची वाढलेली संख्या बघता कितीही पार्किंग उपलब्ध करून दिले तरी ते कमीच आहे.

 घरी किंवा कामाच्या ठिकाणी गाडी पार्किंगला जागा नाही, म्हणून कित्येक लोक आता ओला -उबर सारख्या पर्यायांचा विचार करायला लागले आहेत. समजा कव्हर्ड पार्किंगचा प्रश्न सुटला तरी सोसायट्यांमध्ये कॉमन  पार्किंग वरून बरेचसे वादविवाद होत असतात आणि अश्या वेळी प्रथम आलेल्यास प्रथम प्राधान्य किंवा लॉटरी काढून वार्षिक स्लॉट ठरविणे असे उपाय उप-नियमांप्रमाणे केले जातात. अश्या   प्रकारात सर्वांनी  तारतम्य बाळगणे जास्त जास्त उचित ठरते. 

जर तुम्ही अश्याच प्रकारची अजुन माहिती जाणून घेऊ    इच्छित आहात तर आमच्या ग्रुप ला आजच जॉइन करा. 

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जर तुम्हाला हा ब्लॉग आवडला असेल तर नक्की share करा, like करा आणि follow करा.

Estimate कसे बनवायचे ? How to make estimate?

नमस्कार मित्रांनो ,
मित्रांनो समजा, तुम्हाला एक घर बांधायचे आहे, तर तुमच्या मनात येणारा पहिला प्रश्न कोणता असेल.
1. तुमच्या कडे किती पैसे आहेत?
2. तुम्हाला कोणत्या गोष्टी साठी किती पैसे खर्च करायचे आहेत?
असच काहीसं प्रशासकीय कामांसाठी असते. जेव्हा कोणतेही काम करायचं असते, तेव्हा सर्वात पहिले त्याचे estimate ज्याला मराठीमध्ये अंदाजित खर्च असे म्हणतात ते केले जाते. मग हे  estimate  कोण करते तर शासकीय सेवेत असणारे आपल्या सारखे सिव्हिल इंजिनीअर्स. मग तुम्ही म्हणाल हा कोर्स फक्त शासकीय सेवेत जाणाऱ्या किंवा असणाऱ्या इंजिनीअर्स साठी आहे का.
तर नाही हा कोर्स प्रत्येक सिव्हिल इंजिनिअर साठी अत्यंत गरजेचा आहे. कारण ज्याचे estimate  चांगले असते त्याचा प्रकल्प कधीच आर्थिक संकटात सापडला नाही.

मित्रांनो एक बरोबर Estimate हे चांगल्या इंजिनिअरची निशाणी आहे आणि एक बरोबर Estimate कामातील येणाऱ्या कितीतरी आर्थिक अडचणी कमी करते.
मग तुम्हाला college मधील theory वरून एक बरोबर Estimate करता येईल का?
नाही ना. मग तुम्हाला practically शिकण्यासाठी extra course करावा लागेल जिथे तुम्ही स्वतः estimate करू शकता.
मी ज्या इन्स्टिट्यूट मधून online courses करतो ते Civil engineering IIT तिथे हा कोर्स available आहे.
आणि त्याचीच माहिती मी आज तुमच्यासाठी घेऊन आलोय.

चला तर मग बघुया.

• जिल्हा परिषद, पंचायत समिती, ग्रामपंचायत, आमदार फंड, खासदार फंड या सर्वांसाठी होणाऱ्या कामांसाठी estimate बनवावे लागते.

 व इतर योजनांसाठी estimate बनवण्याचे तुम्ही शिकू शकता तेही सॉफ्टवेअर वरून.

👉 तुम्हाला एक उत्तम  estimate सााठी तुम्हाला 

खालील गोष्टी शिकाव्या लागतील.

•    PWD SSR 2019-20  चे वाचन करणे. 
• SSR मधील general notes प्रमाणे रेट वर होणारा परिणाम. 
• Estimate बनवण्या साठी दिलेल्या SSR मधील सूचना. 
• SSR प्रमाणे मटेरीयल चे सर्वसाधारण दर , त्यावरील टॅक्स व गवर्नमेंट परिपत्रक. 
• Lead म्हणजे काय , lead chart  वरून त्याची किंमत कशी काढायची? 
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permeability of soil

What is permeability? 

"   Permeability  is defined as the property of a porouse material which permits the passage of water or other fluids thorough it's interconnecting voids. "
         A material having the continuous voids  is called permeable. Gravels are highly permeable while stiff Clay is the least permeable, and hence such a Clay may be termed impermeable for all purpose.

Types of flow through soils =
1. Laminar flow .
2. Turbulent flow.
               In laminar flow , each fluid particle travels along a definite path which never crosses the path of any other particle .
               In turbulent  flow , the paths are irregular and twisting, crossing and recrossing of each particle is occures.

      Some important fields where permeability and seepage study is very essential . Out of which some are below.

1. In case of saturated compressible soil to determine the rate of settlement of foundation of any structural element.
2. To calculate the seepage of water through the body of Earth dam , and stability of slopes .
3. In calculation of uplift pressure under hydraulic structure and their safety against different water pressures .
4. Ground water flow towards open well and tube well and drainage of soil in diff conditions.

     
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# soil mechanics# # Civil engineering # permeability#