MCQ in🌍🌋 Earthquake engineering 🌋Part 2

 Welcome back friends, Part 2

             As we all know that all the building structures are rest on Earth. For the safety and stability of the structure we need to have some knowledge about Earth and seismology. 

               Because of that I am here giving mcq questions and answers related to Earth science and seismograph. 👇👇👇 Before starting to this Part I will suggest you Go from part 1 

https://engineerpravinkadam.blogspot.com/2021/04/earth-science-for-civil-engineering-1.html

 1. Which of the following is the suitable location for the construction of dams in a folded terrain?

(A) Crest of the fold

(B) Trough of the fold

(C) Limbs of the fold

(D) None of these

2. Most suitable rocks for construction of tunneling:

(A) Argillaceous S.st

(B) Vesicular or amygdaloidal basalts

(C) Limestone

(D) Schist & Phyllite

3. Tunneling _____________ to the fold axis is not at all desirable.

(A) Perpendicular

(B) Parallel

(C) None of these

4. Tsunami waves are generated with the earthquake. True or false.

(A) False

(B) True

(C) None of these

5. Which is the largest subduction earthquake?

(A)1960 Chile earthquake 

(B) 1905 Kangra earthquake

(C) 2011 Tohuku earthquake

(D)2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake

6. What is the rupture length of 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake?

(A) 500 km

(B) 5000 km

(C) 1200 km

(D) None of these

7. What is the subsidence occurred at Great Nicobar Island due to 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake?

(A) 5 m

(B) 3 m

(C) 10 m

(D) None of these

8. Abrupt uplift and gentle subsidence are indicative of:

(A) Hat microatoll

(B) Hemispherical coral head

(C) Cup microatoll 

(D) Cylindrical coral head

9. Driving force can be increased by:

(A) Decrease in amount of material on slope

(B) Increase in slope angle

(C) Decrease in slope angle

(D) None of these

 10. Which of the following is not depends on shear strength of the material?

(A) Cohesion

(B) Internal friction

(C) Normal stress

(D) Mass of the material

11. Which one of the following is not an internal factor affects in slope processes?

(A) Lithology of the materials on the slope

(B) Ground water or rain water (run off)

(C) Geological Structures

(D) Earthquakes (Tectonic activity)

12. In translational slides, movement _______ to planes of weakness and occasionally _____to slope.

(A) Parallel, parallel

(B) Parallel, perpendicular

(C) Perpendicular, parallel

(D) Perpendicular, perpendicular

13. ________are defined as free falling fragments of rocks from steep cliff or slope.

(A) Rockfalls 

(B) Toppling 

(C) Debris avalanche

(D) Earthflow

14. Subsidence results due to the constant or excess removal of ground water deplete the water table and 

increases the area of ____________.

(A) Water table

(B) Ground surface

(C) Zone of saturation

(D) Vadose zone

15. Which of the following is not one of the channel pattern?

(A) Braided

(B) Narrow

(C) Meandering

(D) Straight

16. Terraces are remnants of former:

(A) Rivers

(B) Alluvial fans

(C) Floodplains

(D) None of these

17. What type of drainage pattern would you expect to find where the main streams are parallel and very long and the edge of the folded sedimentary rock (weak and resistant) forms long parallel belts?

(A) Dendritic

(B) Rectangular

(C) Radial

(D) Trellised

18. Which of the following is not one of the three broad types of channel pattern? 

(A) Straight

(B) Serrated

(C) Braided

(D) Meandering

19. The volume rate of flow of water at a point in a given time is:

(A) Competence

(B) Viscosity

(C) Discharge

(D) Capacity

20. From which of the following factor has not influence the drainage density:

(A) Climate

(B) Topography

(C) Soil infiltration capacity

(D) Anthropogenic activity

(E) Vegetation 

(F) Geology

👍🌍🌋🌍🌋🌍🌋🌍

If you liked this blog and want to learn more from me. To get notifications on your mail of my upcoming blog follow me using Blue button from left side of blog.

Keywords# civil engineering # seismology # earth # earthquake # fault # science#

Source of information NPTEL

🏠How to protect the building from chemical and environmental attack?🏗

 Welcome back friends, 

          If one question is blinking in your mind that is "Even after great technologies and experts are available Special care is being taken during construction activity then "why the structures get deteriorate?"

        If this question is blinking in your mind then you are on the right way of thinking as an  engineer and quality construction seeker.

       Most of the structural elements in the  vorious type of Construction activity loose their Strength due to environmental & chemical and environmental factors. In Simple word "Chemical and environmental attacks". 

Now you will ask How'?

         We all know that due to Industrialization various industries produces  huge amount of waste in the Gas, liquid and Solid form. This waste directly and  indirectly present in our environment and here the actual Chemical & environmental attack Starts.

         So many process are involved in the process of chemical attack but I will explain here basic concept of chemical attack that is crystalization.

         Chemicals like sulfate present in environment enter into concrete from pores or voids present in the surface of concrete and this chemical entrapped into internal voids .

         As the time passes this entrapped chemical starts preparing Crystal and this Crystal then develop pressure internally on concrete. As a result we see the cracks on the concrete and this process not happen only in concrete but also in various construction materials by the means of various chemicals and by various ways.

        In advance construction practice construction professionals use various surface treatment like chemical coating on surface of building elements to avoid this future unseen Risk of cracking in the structure.

      As a effective solution of this Chemical and environmental attack. We will discuss here about  Solvent based Coal epoxy Coating system.

It is popularly known as AC-DUR-CT ('s) 

It is two Component Solvent based Coal tar epoxy system. 

For details about this company 👇👇

http://www.Applechemie.com

It is Specially designed Coating having judicious blend of high quality. resin and inert fillers. It is recomended for protection of interior & exterior wooden, Concrete and metal surfaces from environmental and chemical attactk.

A detailed discussion we will do in 2nd part of this blog in which you will get all the details of this epoxy coating system and AC-DUR-CT (S).

Keywords # civil engineering# environment# chemical # attack# science # building # Protection # quality construction #

I am waiting for your response in comment box also follow me to get latest blogs easily...

MCQ in🌍🌋 Earthquake engineering 🌋Part 1

 Welcome back friends, Part 1

             As we all know that all the building structures are rest on Earth. For the safety and stability of the structure we need to have some knowledge about Earth and seismology. 

               Because of that I am here giving mcq questions and answers related to Earth science and seismograph. 👇👇👇

1.Which of the following is not categorised under geologic hazard?

(A) Tropical cyclone

(B) Earthquakes

(C) Volcano

(D) Floods

2. Which one is the 2nd large magnitude earthquake occurred during past 100 yrs?

(A) 2001, Bhuj earthquake

(B) 2004, Sumatra earthquake

(C) 2015, Nepal earthquake

(D) 2005, Kashmir earthquake

3. New Zealand is an example of

(A) Convergent plate boundary 

(B) Divergent plate boundary

(C) Conservative plate boundary

(D) Both convergent and conservative plate boundaries 

4. Which one of the following is a secondary phenomenon during an earthquake?

(A) Fault scarp

(B) Terrace offset

(C) Liquefaction

(D) All of these

5. Which of the following is not categorised under the Himalayan earthquake?

(A) Uttarkashi Earthquake 

(B) Kangra Earthquake 

(C) Gorkha Earthquake 

(D) Bhuj Earthquake 

6. Along which active fault the Trans-Alaska pipeline was survived during an earthquake?

(A) Denali fault

(B) Himalayan frontal thrust

(C) Alpine fault

(D) None of these

7. In which tectonic environment, you can find the surface expression in the form of folding?

(A) Extensional

(B) Compressional

(C) Strike slip 

(D) All of these

8. In which type of the fault the hanging wall is moving up with respect to foot wall?

(A) Normal fault

(B) Strike slip fault

(C) Reverse fault 

(D) None of these

9. _______ is the angle of a fault plane w.r.t. vertical.

(A) Hade

(B) Throw

(C) Heave

(D) Dip

10. Surface along which the block of rock slip is called _____?

(A) Fault zone

(B) Fault Plane

(C) Fault scarp

(D) None of these

11. Now India is divided into ____________ seismic zones.

(A) 5

(B) 3

(C) 6

(D) 4

12. The San Andreas Fault is an example of:

(A) Normal fault

(B) Reverse fault

(C) Right lateral strike slip 

(D) Left lateral strike slip 

13. Point on fault plane where slip initiated is termed as:

(A) Epicenter

(B) Hypocenter

(C) Fault scarp

(D) Hanging wall

14. 1995 Kobe earthquake was occurred in ________.

(A) Japan

(B) United States of America

(C) Taiwan 

(D) India

15. 2005 Muzaffarabad earthquake was occurred on _______ active fault.

(A) Kangra Active fault 

(B) San Andreas fault 

(C) Main Boundary thrust 

(D) Tanda Active fault

16. Sag pond is an example of :

(A) Normal fault

(B) Reverse fault

(C) Strike slip fault

(D) None of these

17. Which type of movement has been seen in right lateral strike-slip fault?

(A) Sinistral movement

(B) Dextral movement 

(C) Upward movement

(D) None of these

18. The displaced aqueduct of Al Harif is in between ________ and _________ plates.

(A) African plate and Arabian plate

(B) Indian plate and Eurasian plate

(C) African plate and Pacific plate

(D) None of these

19. The beds which have a gentle upstream dip will be_______ to the resultant force (R), hence can provides the best resistance to withstand the stresses or loads acting in the area.

(A) Parallel

(B) Perpendicular 

(C) None of these 

20. Taksal fault is an example of:

(A) Normal fault

(B) Reverse fault

(C) Strike slip fault

(D) None of these

To read the Part 2 of this blog 👇👇👇

Link is in comment section 

Source of information - NPTEL 

Keywords# civil engineering # seismology # earth # earthquake # fault # science

🌧भूजल पुनर्भरण 🌧 Rain water harvesting 🌧

🌧भूजल पुनर्भरण 🌧 Rain water harvesting 🌧

मित्रांनो आपण सर्वांना माहीत आहेच की पाऊस हा सर्वात शुद्ध जलस्रोत आहे. परंतु पावसाचे पाणी ढगांतून जमिनीकडे प्रवास करताना त्याचे सूक्ष्म जलबिंदू भोवतालच्या हवेच्या संपर्कात येतात. या हवेत असलेले आणि पाण्यात सहजपणे विरघळणारे विविध प्रकारचे प्रदूषक वायू, धूलिकण या पावसाच्या पाण्यात मिसळतात. अंतिमत: हे पावसाचे पाणी घराच्या छपरावर किंवा गच्चीवर पडते तेव्हा त्यामध्ये पक्ष्यांची विष्ठा, धूळ  आणि इतर कचरा मिसळतो. यामुळे  हे पाणी अशुद्ध होते. हे पाहता, पावसाचे पाणी जलसंधारणाद्वारे वापरात आणण्यापूर्वी गाळणे आणि शुद्ध करणे आवश्यक असते._

_ते करण्यासाठी विविध पर्याय आहेत. हे पाणी कशासाठी वापरले जाणार आहे, त्यावर उपलब्ध पर्यायांपैकी कोणता पर्याय वापरावा हे ठरवता येते. जर पावसाचे पाणी शौचालयाच्या फ्लश टँक्ससाठी, वाहने धुण्यासाठी, बागेतील झाडांना घालण्यासाठी, अग्निशमन यंत्रणेसाठी आणि तत्सम दुय्यम गोष्टींसाठी वापरायचे असेल, तर साध्या वाळूच्या गाळण (Sand filter ) पद्धतीचा वापर करता येईल. परंतु हे पावसाचे पाणी आंघोळीसाठी, स्वयंपाकासाठी आणि अगदी पिण्यासाठीही वापरायचे असेल, तर हे पाणी वाळूच्या गाळणीतून (Sand filter ) प्रवाहित झाल्यानंतर ते कार्बन पावडर (अ‍ॅक्टिव्हेटेड चारकोल activated charcoal) अथवा जेलच्या गाळण यंत्रातून प्रवाहित करून पुढे अतिनील किरण (अल्ट्राव्हॉयोलेट रेज् U.V RAYS ) तसेच ‘रिव्हर्स ऑस्मोसिस’(Reverse osmosis)सारख्या तंत्रज्ञानाचा वापर करून अतिशुद्ध करण्यात येते. अशा प्रकारची गाळण यंत्रणा गच्चीवरील पाणी खाली वाहून नेणाऱ्या नळांमध्ये बसवता येते. याचा एक फायदा असा की, गच्चीवरून खाली वाहणाऱ्या पाण्याच्या स्तंभाच्या दबावामुळे गाळण प्रक्रिया वेगाने होऊ शकते. अनेकदा हे पाणी परत उलटे फिरवून गाळण माध्यमातून प्रवाहित केले जाते. यामुळे त्या गाळणीची भोके खुली राहतात._  

🌱🌲पाणी, प्राणी, पक्षी आणि झाडे लावणे हा तुमचाही आवडीचा विषय असेल तर चला एकत्र येऊ निसर्ग फुलवू 🐈🌱🌳 निसर्गप्रेमींच्या परिवारातील सदस्य होण्यासाठी👇

Telegram वरून join होण्यासाठी खलील link वापरू शकता👍👍

https://t.me/ekmitraekvruksha

_शोष खड्डय़ांमध्ये (Soak pit)मात्र एवढी प्रगत गाळण यंत्रणा वापरण्याऐवजी विविध आकारांच्या दगड-गोटय़ांचे थर तयार करून त्यावर बारीक वाळूचा थर पसरविण्यात येतो. या शोष खड्डय़ाला जोडलेल्या नळाच्या टोकाला जाळी असतेच. या नळाद्वारे गुरुत्वाकर्षणाच्या उच्च दाबाखाली वाहून शोष खड्डय़ात आलेले पाणी या नैसर्गिक गाळण्यातून प्रवाहित होऊन जमिनीत मुरते आणि जमिनीच्या पाणीसाठय़ात भर घालते. परंतु जमिनीत मुरणारे हे पाणी सर्व प्रकारच्या प्रदूषकांपासून मुक्त असायला हवे. अन्यथा अशी प्रदूषके जमिनीखालील भूजलात मिसळून जातील आणि हे भूजल प्रदूषित होऊन निरुपयोगी ठरेल._

🌱🌲पाणी, प्राणी, पक्षी आणि झाडे लावणे हा तुमचाही आवडीचा विषय असेल तर चला एकत्र येऊ निसर्ग फुलवू 🐈🌱🌳 निसर्गप्रेमींच्या परिवारातील सदस्य होण्यासाठी👇

Telegram वरून join होण्यासाठी खलील link वापरू शकता👍👍

https://t.me/ekmitraekvruksha

(सध्या आपला हा परिवार इतका मोठा झालाय की whatapp वरून सर्वांना एकत्र आणणे possible नाहीये म्हणून कृपया telegram चा वापर करावा.)

🌳🌳🌳🌳🌳🌳🌳🌳🌳🌳🌳🌳🌳🌳🌳🌳🌳

तुम्हाला जर हा blog आवडला असेल तर माझे नवीन blog वाचण्यासाठी blue button वापरून मला follow करा. 

#civil engineers # we convert dreams into reality.

Keywords- #Pollution #  rain water # water harvesting # soak pit # sand # Filter# Civil # engineering # ultraviolet # Reverse # osmosis # charcoal# 

Introduction to physics 📔Physics means?📔

      So many my dear friends think that Physics, mathematics and other subjects are so much difficult and to learn this subject we need to do so many efforts, but it's not totally true any subject in education is very much simple you just need to OBSERVE THAT SUBJECT CLEARLY. You will find that subject like your daily playing games.

Here it is *Introduction to physics* 

  Science has many subjects like physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, other subjects etc. Let us now understand the subject of 'Physics' through some daily activities. # physics subject #

        Physics is something that happens but we can't see it. That is, we hear sound but cannot see sound waves, we see that magnets are attracted to each other but we cannot see that magnetic attraction. In physics we study the natural laws, like an apple falls to the ground and our great scientist see it and we find a discovery called gravity. I mean, we see the apple falling down but we don't see the force of gravity.

        Some important points and their example are mentioned below. I hope you understand that easily. We see these example in our daily life.

You will get here # Scope and excitement of physics #

1) Physics teach us law of nature, if we observe natural activities then definitely we understand the physics. So we starts from our scheduled day. At the morning our alarm ringing and we listen this sounds ultimately we wake up at the early morning. So here main point is ' Sound ' which included into the physics subject. These sounds create some sound waves which we listen.

                       # Ambitious #

Contact -99603 88813/ 88887 40091 

2) So after, at the morning we go for make a tea, for that we boil water. When we observe that hot water creates steam or vapours. So here is main point is Heat. It is also the part of physics. Means heat was dissipated from the water in the form of vapour or steam. These steam we use in many places that is we use it for generating power (For example- electric power, etc) through turbines at a power stations.

3)So now the office time, we take a cars key and go outside. We pull the door of car and seat inside. So here we pull the door means we apply some force to pull the door. The main point is Force. Another example when the car's wheel rotates, their is grip between tyre and the road. That grip create some force, although we stop the car and it slips little bit means we feel some Friction that id also example of force. I hope all understood the force concept.

4) Now we work on the computer. Hence first of all we switch on the button. we give electricity to any device like at current situation we see our mobile / PC etc. It requires electricity , so the these electric or electronic devices are also works on principles of the physics i.e. Electrical Energy . 

         Hey it's evening coffee time, after sunset we switch on the light. The Light is also the part of physics , we see reflection / deflection of light. Yes it is physics.

        So we see some point's i.e. Sound, Heat, Force, Friction, Electricity, Light .

        Physics also includes magnetism, gravity, inertia, etc. I hope you all understand the above points which we experiences in our daily life.

_If you liked this blog, Give your review in comment box.

Keywords- #Physics # Scientist # science # Einstein# mathematics# engineering# 

Labour productivity for different Items of construction work.

 Hii engineers, 

In this blog we are going to see, what is the labour productivity for different items of construction work.

First see labour productivity is the amount of work can be done by a worker in 8 working hours and this values are finalized by government authority.

The labour productivity can be vary according to location of site, site condition and various climatic conditions.

Let's start,

1. Excavation in foundation tranches in soft soil, lead up to 50m and lift up to 1.5m.                         [ 2.27 m3 / mazdoor ]

2. Excavation in foundation tranches in hard soil, lead up to 50m and lift up to 1.5m.                         [ 2.10 m3 / mazdoor ]

3. Excavation in soft and decomposed rock by blasting, lead up to 50m and lift up to 1.5m.         [ 0.55 m3 / mazdoor ]

4. Sand filling in plinth, consolidating and dressing.             [ 4.0 m3 / mazdoor ]

5. Single layer brick flat soling including ramming and dressing the bed etc.                        [ 9 sq. m / mazdoor ]

6.Lime concrete in foundation.                                [ 10 m3 / mason ] 

7. Cement concrete.   [ 5.0 m3 / mason ]

8. Cement concrete ( 1 : 2 : 4 ) for R.C.C work.     [ 3.25 m3 / mason ]

9. Brickwork in foundation and plinth.                   [ 1.25 m3 / mason ]

10. Brickwork in super structure ground floor.      [ 1.10 m3 / mason ]

If you want more knowledge about estimating and costing, go through this books.

👉https://amzn.to/36HEZne

👉https://amzn.to/39KcTdd

11. Half brickwork in partition wall.   [ 7.0 sq.m / mason ]

12. Brickwork in plinth arch.  [ 1.0 m3 / mason ]

13. Reinforced brickwork in slab.  [ 1.0 m3 / mason ]

14. 2.5 cm thik D.P.C. cement concrete.                   [ 12.50 sq.m / mason ]

15. 2 cm thik D.P.C. cement mortar .                      [ 20 sq.m / mason ]

16. Random rubble masonry in foundation and plinth.   [ 1.0 m3 / mason ]

17. Random rubble masonry in superstructure.   [ 0.90 m3 / mason ]. 

18. Ashlar masonry in superstructure.   [ 0.40 m3 / mason ].  

19.  Coursed rubble masonry in superstructure.   [ 0.67 m3 / mason ]. 

20. Brick-on-edge floor with cement mortar.              [ 1.0 sq.m / mason ]

Can a builder sell parking ..?

          For Marathi translation of this blog 👉https://engineerpravinkadam.blogspot.com/2020/11/blog-post.html

   'Parking' is an intimate subject when buying a flat in the society.  There are many misconceptions about whether a builder can sell a flat as well as a parking lot.  Let's take a brief look at the legal information about this.  Let us briefly look at the legal information about this.

 Two types of parking are generally recognized by law. 

 1.  Common / open parking and stealth parking  and

  2.  Covered / Garage Parking .

 👉 The Maharashtra Ownership Flats Act (MOFA) 1963 and the recently passed Rera Act discuss the duties, responsibilities and rights of builder-promoters and the rights of flat customers.  It also includes common space, amenities.  Although the Rera Act has been passed, the Mofa Act has not been repealed by it and the provisions of the Mofa Act apply as long as they do not go against the Rera Act.

 The Development Control Rules approved by the Government have been implemented by the Pune Municipal Corporation and are subject to change from time to time.  According to this regulation, according to the number of flats, the calculation of how much parking should be provided for bicycles, two-wheelers and four-wheelers is given.  According to this calculation, the construction plan of the building is not approved by the municipality without giving information about how much parking has been provided in the respective building.  That is why parking is mandatory in every multi-storey building.

 👉 Common / open parking and stealth parking cannot be sold to builder 

 In the past, it was the responsibility of the builder to mention in the advertisement what the common areas and facilities would be like under the Mofa Act.  Section 2 (n) of the RERA Act now gives a clear list of common areas and facilities, while subsection (iii) clearly mentions base parking, terraces, parks, play areas as well as open parking in common facilities.  Is.  This open parking also includes "stealth parking".  In fact, its meaning is hidden in the name "Common". An important decision on this question was taken by Hon'ble Supreme Court, "Nahalchand Lalunchand Pvt.  Ltd.  Virudh Panchali Co.Op.  Society (A.I.R. 2010 SC 3607) ', it is still applicable today.

 In this case, Hon.  While upholding the judgment of the Mumbai High Court, Hon.  The Supreme Court noted that common or open parking does not fit the definition of "flat" in some MoFA laws and therefore the builder has no right to sell it.  Similarly, the builder does not have the right to sell "stealth" parking as a garage;  When selling a flat, the common area payments are taken by the builder from each flat holder in proportion to the carpet area of ​​the flat, so there is no financial loss to the builder.  The Supreme Court has ruled.  Therefore, such open or stealth parking cannot be sold to the builder, as its use is common.  Similarly, after the completion of the construction of the building, the builder is bound to make a purchase deed of both the land and the building on it in the name of the society.  That is why such open space cannot be sold to the builder as a flat holder as parking.

To read in detail about real estate act 2016 you can reffer this book.

https://amzn.to/38p4xX

 👉 Covered / Garage parking can be sold to builder 

 "A parking space in a building that is enclosed by a wall on all three sides and has a roof above, but does not include an enclosed parking space such as an open parking lot" is defined as "garage" under Section 2 (y) of the Rera Act.  This is what we call 'covered parking' in practical terms.  However, the definition of covered parking under RERA Rules 2 (j) is slightly different from that of closed or covered parking spaces approved as per the construction regulations.  This includes "mechanized parking" currently available.  F. published on the web site of Maharashtra.  A.  In response to Q (Frequently Asked Questions) No. 9, common parking cannot be sold in reply, but it is mentioned that 'covered parking' can be sold as mentioned in Rule 2 (j).  Similarly, if you look at the draft agreement given in the Rera Act, it also shows that covered parking can be sold, but its price has to be shown separately from the price of the flat.  There have also been cases of some members creating their own 'covered' parking lots by putting iron grills against the approved map in the open common parking lot, but this is not expected by law.

   👉Society and parking 

 Society by Lodge no.  The General Body has the power to decide on parking rules, parking fees, etc. as per 72-84 parking.  This is the subject of a separate article.

We briefly explained where parking can be sold or not by law.  But whether any law applies depends on the background of the case.  Although the law is in place, it is still limited given the number of vehicles available.

  There is no space for car parking at home or at work, so many people are now considering options like Ola-Uber.  Suppose the issue of covered parking is resolved, but there is a lot of debate in societies over common parking, and in such cases, first-come, first-served, lottery-fixing and annual slots are decided by by-laws.  In this way, it is more appropriate for everyone to discriminate.

👉If you would like to know more of this kind of information, join our group today.

 https://chat.whatsapp.com/LWik92DzeBXC9Nhiwd70W

 https://chat.whatsapp.com/Es2nKJwuSps9lnIN7YTcv

 https://chat.whatsapp.com/IDQkkfHVTvKJX7efPhITa

 If you like this blog, be sure to share, like and follow. I am waiting for your comments in comment section to see your review.

Keywords # maharera # builders rights # civil engineering # building laws and regulations #