Friday, April 23, 2021

ЁЯПаHow to protect the building from chemical and environmental attack?ЁЯПЧ

 Welcome back friends, 

          If one question is blinking in your mind that is "Even after great technologies and experts are available Special care is being taken during construction activity then "why the structures get deteriorate?"

        If this question is blinking in your mind then you are on the right way of thinking as an  engineer and quality construction seeker.

       Most of the structural elements in the  vorious type of Construction activity loose their Strength due to environmental & chemical and environmental factors. In Simple word "Chemical and environmental attacks". 

Now you will ask How'?

         We all know that due to Industrialization various industries produces  huge amount of waste in the Gas, liquid and Solid form. This waste directly and  indirectly present in our environment and here the actual Chemical & environmental attack Starts.

         So many process are involved in the process of chemical attack but I will explain here basic concept of chemical attack that is crystalization.

         Chemicals like sulfate present in environment enter into concrete from pores or voids present in the surface of concrete and this chemical entrapped into internal voids .

         As the time passes this entrapped chemical starts preparing Crystal and this Crystal then develop pressure internally on concrete. As a result we see the cracks on the concrete and this process not happen only in concrete but also in various construction materials by the means of various chemicals and by various ways.

        In advance construction practice construction professionals use various surface treatment like chemical coating on surface of building elements to avoid this future unseen Risk of cracking in the structure.

      As a effective solution of this Chemical and environmental attack. We will discuss here about  Solvent based Coal epoxy Coating system.

It is popularly known as AC-DUR-CT ('s) 

It is two Component Solvent based Coal tar epoxy system. 

For details about this company ЁЯСЗЁЯСЗ

http://www.Applechemie.com

It is Specially designed Coating having judicious blend of high quality. resin and inert fillers. It is recomended for protection of interior & exterior wooden, Concrete and metal surfaces from environmental and chemical attactk.

A detailed discussion we will do in 2nd part of this blog in which you will get all the details of this epoxy coating system and AC-DUR-CT (S).

Keywords # civil engineering# environment# chemical # attack# science # building # Protection # quality construction #

I am waiting for your response in comment box also follow me to get latest blogs easily...

Friday, April 16, 2021

MCQ inЁЯМНЁЯМЛ Earthquake engineering ЁЯМЛPart 1

 Welcome back friends, Part 1

             As we all know that all the building structures are rest on Earth. For the safety and stability of the structure we need to have some knowledge about Earth and seismology. 

               Because of that I am here giving mcq questions and answers related to Earth science and seismograph. ЁЯСЗЁЯСЗЁЯСЗ

1.Which of the following is not categorised under geologic hazard?

(A) Tropical cyclone

(B) Earthquakes

(C) Volcano

(D) Floods

2. Which one is the 2nd large magnitude earthquake occurred during past 100 yrs?

(A) 2001, Bhuj earthquake

(B) 2004, Sumatra earthquake

(C) 2015, Nepal earthquake

(D) 2005, Kashmir earthquake

3. New Zealand is an example of

(A) Convergent plate boundary 

(B) Divergent plate boundary

(C) Conservative plate boundary

(D) Both convergent and conservative plate boundaries 

4. Which one of the following is a secondary phenomenon during an earthquake?

(A) Fault scarp

(B) Terrace offset

(C) Liquefaction

(D) All of these

5. Which of the following is not categorised under the Himalayan earthquake?

(A) Uttarkashi Earthquake 

(B) Kangra Earthquake 

(C) Gorkha Earthquake 

(D) Bhuj Earthquake 



6. Along which active fault the Trans-Alaska pipeline was survived during an earthquake?

(A) Denali fault

(B) Himalayan frontal thrust

(C) Alpine fault

(D) None of these

7. In which tectonic environment, you can find the surface expression in the form of folding?

(A) Extensional

(B) Compressional

(C) Strike slip 

(D) All of these

8. In which type of the fault the hanging wall is moving up with respect to foot wall?

(A) Normal fault

(B) Strike slip fault

(C) Reverse fault 

(D) None of these

9. _______ is the angle of a fault plane w.r.t. vertical.

(A) Hade

(B) Throw

(C) Heave

(D) Dip

10. Surface along which the block of rock slip is called _____?

(A) Fault zone

(B) Fault Plane

(C) Fault scarp

(D) None of these


11. Now India is divided into ____________ seismic zones.

(A) 5

(B) 3

(C) 6

(D) 4

12. The San Andreas Fault is an example of:

(A) Normal fault

(B) Reverse fault

(C) Right lateral strike slip 

(D) Left lateral strike slip 

13. Point on fault plane where slip initiated is termed as:

(A) Epicenter

(B) Hypocenter

(C) Fault scarp

(D) Hanging wall

14. 1995 Kobe earthquake was occurred in ________.

(A) Japan

(B) United States of America

(C) Taiwan 

(D) India

15. 2005 Muzaffarabad earthquake was occurred on _______ active fault.

(A) Kangra Active fault 

(B) San Andreas fault 

(C) Main Boundary thrust 

(D) Tanda Active fault

16. Sag pond is an example of :

(A) Normal fault

(B) Reverse fault

(C) Strike slip fault

(D) None of these

17. Which type of movement has been seen in right lateral strike-slip fault?

(A) Sinistral movement

(B) Dextral movement 

(C) Upward movement

(D) None of these

18. The displaced aqueduct of Al Harif is in between ________ and _________ plates.

(A) African plate and Arabian plate

(B) Indian plate and Eurasian plate

(C) African plate and Pacific plate

(D) None of these

19. The beds which have a gentle upstream dip will be_______ to the resultant force (R), hence can provides the best resistance to withstand the stresses or loads acting in the area.

(A) Parallel

(B) Perpendicular 

(C) None of these 

20. Taksal fault is an example of:

(A) Normal fault

(B) Reverse fault

(C) Strike slip fault

(D) None of these

To read the Part 2 of this blog ЁЯСЗЁЯСЗЁЯСЗ

Link is in comment section 

Source of information - NPTEL 

Keywords# civil engineering # seismology # earth # earthquake # fault # science




Wednesday, March 24, 2021

ЁЯМзрднूрдЬрд▓ рдкुрдирд░्рднрд░рдг ЁЯМз Rain water harvesting ЁЯМз


ЁЯМзрднूрдЬрд▓ рдкुрдирд░्рднрд░рдг ЁЯМз Rain water harvesting ЁЯМз

рдоिрдд्рд░ांрдиो рдЖрдкрдг рд╕рд░्рд╡ांрдиा рдоाрд╣ीрдд рдЖрд╣ेрдЪ рдХी рдкाрдКрд╕ рд╣ा рд╕рд░्рд╡ाрдд рд╢ुрдж्рдз рдЬрд▓рд╕्рд░ोрдд рдЖрд╣े. рдкрд░ंрддु рдкाрд╡рд╕ाрдЪे рдкाрдгी рдврдЧांрддूрди рдЬрдоिрдиीрдХрдбे рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╕ рдХрд░рддाрдиा рдд्рдпाрдЪे рд╕ूрдХ्рд╖्рдо рдЬрд▓рдмिंрджू рднोрд╡рддाрд▓рдЪ्рдпा рд╣рд╡ेрдЪ्рдпा рд╕ंрдкрд░्рдХाрдд рдпेрддाрдд. рдпा рд╣рд╡ेрдд рдЕрд╕рд▓ेрд▓े рдЖрдгि рдкाрдг्рдпाрдд рд╕рд╣рдЬрдкрдгे рд╡िрд░рдШрд│рдгाрд░े рд╡िрд╡िрдз рдк्рд░рдХाрд░рдЪे рдк्рд░рджूрд╖рдХ рд╡ाрдпू, рдзूрд▓िрдХрдг рдпा рдкाрд╡рд╕ाрдЪ्рдпा рдкाрдг्рдпाрдд рдоिрд╕рд│рддाрдд. рдЕंрддिрдордд: рд╣े рдкाрд╡рд╕ाрдЪे рдкाрдгी рдШрд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЫрдкрд░ाрд╡рд░ рдХिंрд╡ा рдЧрдЪ्рдЪीрд╡рд░ рдкрдбрддे рддेрд╡्рд╣ा рдд्рдпाрдордз्рдпे рдкрдХ्рд╖्рдпांрдЪी рд╡िрд╖्рдаा, рдзूрд│  рдЖрдгि рдЗрддрд░ рдХрдЪрд░ा рдоिрд╕рд│рддो. рдпाрдоुрд│े  рд╣े рдкाрдгी рдЕрд╢ुрдж्рдз рд╣ोрддे. рд╣े рдкाрд╣рддा, рдкाрд╡рд╕ाрдЪे рдкाрдгी рдЬрд▓рд╕ंрдзाрд░рдгाрдж्рд╡ाрд░े рд╡ाрдкрд░ाрдд рдЖрдгрдг्рдпाрдкूрд░्рд╡ी рдЧाрд│рдгे рдЖрдгि рд╢ुрдж्рдз рдХрд░рдгे рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХ рдЕрд╕рддे._


_рддे рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рд╡िрд╡िрдз рдкрд░्рдпाрдп рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рд╣े рдкाрдгी рдХрд╢ाрд╕ाрдаी рд╡ाрдкрд░рд▓े рдЬाрдгाрд░ рдЖрд╣े, рдд्рдпाрд╡рд░ рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдкрд░्рдпाрдпांрдкैрдХी рдХोрдгрддा рдкрд░्рдпाрдп рд╡ाрдкрд░ाрд╡ा рд╣े рдард░рд╡рддा рдпेрддे. рдЬрд░ рдкाрд╡рд╕ाрдЪे рдкाрдгी рд╢ौрдЪाрд▓рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдл्рд▓рд╢ рдЯँрдХ्рд╕рд╕ाрдаी, рд╡ाрд╣рдиे рдзुрдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी, рдмाрдЧेрддीрд▓ рдЭाрдбांрдиा рдШाрд▓рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी, рдЕрдЧ्рдиिрд╢рдорди рдпंрдд्рд░рдгेрд╕ाрдаी рдЖрдгि рддрдд्рд╕рдо рджुрдп्рдпрдо рдЧोрд╖्рдЯींрд╕ाрдаी рд╡ाрдкрд░ाрдпрдЪे рдЕрд╕ेрд▓, рддрд░ рд╕ाрдз्рдпा рд╡ाрд│ूрдЪ्рдпा рдЧाрд│рдг (Sand filter ) рдкрдж्рдзрддीрдЪा рд╡ाрдкрд░ рдХрд░рддा рдпेрдИрд▓. рдкрд░ंрддु рд╣े рдкाрд╡рд╕ाрдЪे рдкाрдгी рдЖंрдШोрд│ीрд╕ाрдаी, рд╕्рд╡рдпंрдкाрдХाрд╕ाрдаी рдЖрдгि рдЕрдЧрджी рдкिрдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаीрд╣ी рд╡ाрдкрд░ाрдпрдЪे рдЕрд╕ेрд▓, рддрд░ рд╣े рдкाрдгी рд╡ाрд│ूрдЪ्рдпा рдЧाрд│рдгीрддूрди (Sand filter ) рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╣िрдд рдЭाрд▓्рдпाрдиंрддрд░ рддे рдХाрд░्рдмрди рдкाрд╡рдбрд░ (рдЕ‍ॅрдХ्рдЯिрд╡्рд╣ेрдЯेрдб рдЪाрд░рдХोрд▓ activated charcoal) рдЕрдерд╡ा рдЬेрд▓рдЪ्рдпा рдЧाрд│рдг рдпंрдд्рд░ाрддूрди рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╣िрдд рдХрд░ूрди рдкुрдвे рдЕрддिрдиीрд▓ рдХिрд░рдг (рдЕрд▓्рдЯ्рд░ाрд╡्рд╣ॉрдпोрд▓ेрдЯ рд░ेрдЬ् U.V RAYS ) рддрд╕ेрдЪ ‘рд░िрд╡्рд╣рд░्рд╕ рдСрд╕्рдоोрд╕िрд╕’(Reverse osmosis)рд╕ाрд░рдЦ्рдпा рддंрдд्рд░рдЬ्рдЮाрдиाрдЪा рд╡ाрдкрд░ рдХрд░ूрди рдЕрддिрд╢ुрдж्рдз рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдд рдпेрддे. рдЕрд╢ा рдк्рд░рдХाрд░рдЪी рдЧाрд│рдг рдпंрдд्рд░рдгा рдЧрдЪ्рдЪीрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рдкाрдгी рдЦाрд▓ी рд╡ाрд╣ूрди рдиेрдгाрд▒्рдпा рдирд│ांрдордз्рдпे рдмрд╕рд╡рддा рдпेрддे. рдпाрдЪा рдПрдХ рдлाрдпрджा рдЕрд╕ा рдХी, рдЧрдЪ्рдЪीрд╡рд░ूрди рдЦाрд▓ी рд╡ाрд╣рдгाрд▒्рдпा рдкाрдг्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рд╕्рддंрднाрдЪ्рдпा рджрдмाрд╡ाрдоुрд│े рдЧाрд│рдг рдк्рд░рдХ्рд░िрдпा рд╡ेрдЧाрдиे рд╣ोрдК рд╢рдХрддे. рдЕрдиेрдХрджा рд╣े рдкाрдгी рдкрд░рдд рдЙрд▓рдЯे рдлिрд░рд╡ूрди рдЧाрд│рдг рдоाрдз्рдпрдоाрддूрди рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╣िрдд рдХेрд▓े рдЬाрддे. рдпाрдоुрд│े рдд्рдпा рдЧाрд│рдгीрдЪी рднोрдХे рдЦुрд▓ी рд░ाрд╣рддाрдд._  

ЁЯМ▒ЁЯМ▓рдкाрдгी, рдк्рд░ाрдгी, рдкрдХ्рд╖ी рдЖрдгि рдЭाрдбे рд▓ाрд╡рдгे рд╣ा рддुрдордЪाрд╣ी рдЖрд╡рдбीрдЪा рд╡िрд╖рдп рдЕрд╕ेрд▓ рддрд░ рдЪрд▓ा рдПрдХрдд्рд░ рдпेрдК рдиिрд╕рд░्рдЧ рдлुрд▓рд╡ू ЁЯРИЁЯМ▒ЁЯМ│ рдиिрд╕рд░्рдЧрдк्рд░ेрдоींрдЪ्рдпा рдкрд░िрд╡ाрд░ाрддीрд▓ рд╕рджрд╕्рдп рд╣ोрдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаीЁЯСЗ

Telegram рд╡рд░ूрди join рд╣ोрдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдЦрд▓ीрд▓ link рд╡ाрдкрд░ू рд╢рдХрддाЁЯСНЁЯСН

https://t.me/ekmitraekvruksha


_рд╢ोрд╖ рдЦрдб्рдбреЯांрдордз्рдпे (Soak pit)рдоाрдд्рд░ рдПрд╡рдвी рдк्рд░рдЧрдд рдЧाрд│рдг рдпंрдд्рд░рдгा рд╡ाрдкрд░рдг्рдпाрдРрд╡рдЬी рд╡िрд╡िрдз рдЖрдХाрд░ांрдЪ्рдпा рджрдЧрдб-рдЧोрдЯреЯांрдЪे рдерд░ рддрдпाрд░ рдХрд░ूрди рдд्рдпाрд╡рд░ рдмाрд░ीрдХ рд╡ाрд│ूрдЪा рдерд░ рдкрд╕рд░рд╡िрдг्рдпाрдд рдпेрддो. рдпा рд╢ोрд╖ рдЦрдб्рдбреЯाрд▓ा рдЬोрдбрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдирд│ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЯोрдХाрд▓ा рдЬाрд│ी рдЕрд╕рддेрдЪ. рдпा рдирд│ाрдж्рд╡ाрд░े рдЧुрд░ुрдд्рд╡ाрдХрд░्рд╖рдгाрдЪ्рдпा рдЙрдЪ्рдЪ рджाрдмाрдЦाрд▓ी рд╡ाрд╣ूрди рд╢ोрд╖ рдЦрдб्рдбреЯाрдд рдЖрд▓ेрд▓े рдкाрдгी рдпा рдиैрд╕рд░्рдЧिрдХ рдЧाрд│рдг्рдпाрддूрди рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╣िрдд рд╣ोрдКрди рдЬрдоिрдиीрдд рдоुрд░рддे рдЖрдгि рдЬрдоिрдиीрдЪ्рдпा рдкाрдгीрд╕ाрдареЯाрдд рднрд░ рдШाрд▓рддे. рдкрд░ंрддु рдЬрдоिрдиीрдд рдоुрд░рдгाрд░े рд╣े рдкाрдгी рд╕рд░्рд╡ рдк्рд░рдХाрд░рдЪ्рдпा рдк्рд░рджूрд╖рдХांрдкाрд╕ूрди рдоुрдХ्рдд рдЕрд╕ाрдпрд▓ा рд╣рд╡े. рдЕрди्рдпрдеा рдЕрд╢ी рдк्рд░рджूрд╖рдХे рдЬрдоिрдиीрдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рднूрдЬрд▓ाрдд рдоिрд╕рд│ूрди рдЬाрддीрд▓ рдЖрдгि рд╣े рднूрдЬрд▓ рдк्рд░рджूрд╖िрдд рд╣ोрдКрди рдиिрд░ुрдкрдпोрдЧी рдард░ेрд▓._

ЁЯМ▒ЁЯМ▓рдкाрдгी, рдк्рд░ाрдгी, рдкрдХ्рд╖ी рдЖрдгि рдЭाрдбे рд▓ाрд╡рдгे рд╣ा рддुрдордЪाрд╣ी рдЖрд╡рдбीрдЪा рд╡िрд╖рдп рдЕрд╕ेрд▓ рддрд░ рдЪрд▓ा рдПрдХрдд्рд░ рдпेрдК рдиिрд╕рд░्рдЧ рдлुрд▓рд╡ू ЁЯРИЁЯМ▒ЁЯМ│ рдиिрд╕рд░्рдЧрдк्рд░ेрдоींрдЪ्рдпा рдкрд░िрд╡ाрд░ाрддीрд▓ рд╕рджрд╕्рдп рд╣ोрдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаीЁЯСЗ

Telegram рд╡рд░ूрди join рд╣ोрдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдЦрд▓ीрд▓ link рд╡ाрдкрд░ू рд╢рдХрддाЁЯСНЁЯСН

https://t.me/ekmitraekvruksha

(рд╕рдз्рдпा рдЖрдкрд▓ा рд╣ा рдкрд░िрд╡ाрд░ рдЗрддрдХा рдоोрдаा рдЭाрд▓ाрдп рдХी whatapp рд╡рд░ूрди рд╕рд░्рд╡ांрдиा рдПрдХрдд्рд░ рдЖрдгрдгे possible рдиाрд╣ीрдпे рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдХृрдкрдпा telegram рдЪा рд╡ाрдкрд░ рдХрд░ाрд╡ा.)

ЁЯМ│ЁЯМ│ЁЯМ│ЁЯМ│ЁЯМ│ЁЯМ│ЁЯМ│ЁЯМ│ЁЯМ│ЁЯМ│ЁЯМ│ЁЯМ│ЁЯМ│ЁЯМ│ЁЯМ│ЁЯМ│ЁЯМ│

рддुрдо्рд╣ाрд▓ा рдЬрд░ рд╣ा blog рдЖрд╡рдбрд▓ा рдЕрд╕ेрд▓ рддрд░ рдоाрдЭे рдирд╡ीрди blog рд╡ाрдЪрдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी blue button рд╡ाрдкрд░ूрди рдорд▓ा follow рдХрд░ा. 

#civil engineers # we convert dreams into reality.

Keywords- #Pollution #  rain water # water harvesting # soak pit # sand # Filter# Civil # engineering # ultraviolet # Reverse # osmosis # charcoal# 

Thursday, February 11, 2021

Introduction to physics ЁЯУФPhysics means?ЁЯУФ

      So many my dear friends think that Physics, mathematics and other subjects are so much difficult and to learn this subject we need to do so many efforts, but it's not totally true any subject in education is very much simple you just need to OBSERVE THAT SUBJECT CLEARLY. You will find that subject like your daily playing games.

Here it is *Introduction to physics* 

  Science has many subjects like physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, other subjects etc. Let us now understand the subject of 'Physics' through some daily activities. # physics subject #

        Physics is something that happens but we can't see it. That is, we hear sound but cannot see sound waves, we see that magnets are attracted to each other but we cannot see that magnetic attraction. In physics we study the natural laws, like an apple falls to the ground and our great scientist see it and we find a discovery called gravity. I mean, we see the apple falling down but we don't see the force of gravity.

        Some important points and their example are mentioned below. I hope you understand that easily. We see these example in our daily life.

You will get here # Scope and excitement of physics #

1) Physics teach us law of nature, if we observe natural activities then definitely we understand the physics. So we starts from our scheduled day. At the morning our alarm ringing and we listen this sounds ultimately we wake up at the early morning. So here main point is ' Sound ' which included into the physics subject. These sounds create some sound waves which we listen.

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2) So after, at the morning we go for make a tea, for that we boil water. When we observe that hot water creates steam or vapours. So here is main point is Heat. It is also the part of physics. Means heat was dissipated from the water in the form of vapour or steam. These steam we use in many places that is we use it for generating power (For example- electric power, etc) through turbines at a power stations.

3)So now the office time, we take a cars key and go outside. We pull the door of car and seat inside. So here we pull the door means we apply some force to pull the door. The main point is Force. Another example when the car's wheel rotates, their is grip between tyre and the road. That grip create some force, although we stop the car and it slips little bit means we feel some Friction that id also example of force. I hope all understood the force concept.

4) Now we work on the computer. Hence first of all we switch on the button. we give electricity to any device like at current situation we see our mobile / PC etc. It requires electricity , so the these electric or electronic devices are also works on principles of the physics i.e. Electrical Energy . 

         Hey it's evening coffee time, after sunset we switch on the light. The Light is also the part of physics , we see reflection / deflection of light. Yes it is physics.

        So we see some point's i.e. Sound, Heat, Force, Friction, Electricity, Light .

        Physics also includes magnetism, gravity, inertia, etc. I hope you all understand the above points which we experiences in our daily life.

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Keywords- #Physics # Scientist # science # Einstein# mathematics# engineering# 

Thursday, December 3, 2020

Labour productivity for different Items of construction work.

 Hii engineers, 

In this blog we are going to see, what is the labour productivity for different items of construction work.

First see labour productivity is the amount of work can be done by a worker in 8 working hours and this values are finalized by government authority.

The labour productivity can be vary according to location of site, site condition and various climatic conditions.

Let's start,

1. Excavation in foundation tranches in soft soil, lead up to 50m and lift up to 1.5m.                         [ 2.27 m3 / mazdoor ]

2. Excavation in foundation tranches in hard soil, lead up to 50m and lift up to 1.5m.                         [ 2.10 m3 / mazdoor ]

3. Excavation in soft and decomposed rock by blasting, lead up to 50m and lift up to 1.5m.         [ 0.55 m3 / mazdoor ]

4. Sand filling in plinth, consolidating and dressing.             [ 4.0 m3 / mazdoor ]

5. Single layer brick flat soling including ramming and dressing the bed etc.                        [ 9 sq. m / mazdoor ]

6.Lime concrete in foundation.                                [ 10 m3 / mason ] 

7. Cement concrete.   [ 5.0 m3 / mason ]

8. Cement concrete ( 1 : 2 : 4 ) for R.C.C work.     [ 3.25 m3 / mason ]

9. Brickwork in foundation and plinth.                   [ 1.25 m3 / mason ]

10. Brickwork in super structure ground floor.      [ 1.10 m3 / mason ]

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11. Half brickwork in partition wall.   [ 7.0 sq.m / mason ]

12. Brickwork in plinth arch.  [ 1.0 m3 / mason ]

13. Reinforced brickwork in slab.  [ 1.0 m3 / mason ]

14. 2.5 cm thik D.P.C. cement concrete.                   [ 12.50 sq.m / mason ]

15. 2 cm thik D.P.C. cement mortar .                      [ 20 sq.m / mason ]

16. Random rubble masonry in foundation and plinth.   [ 1.0 m3 / mason ]

17. Random rubble masonry in superstructure.   [ 0.90 m3 / mason ]. 

18. Ashlar masonry in superstructure.   [ 0.40 m3 / mason ].  

19.  Coursed rubble masonry in superstructure.   [ 0.67 m3 / mason ]. 

20. Brick-on-edge floor with cement mortar.              [ 1.0 sq.m / mason ]



Monday, November 9, 2020

Can a builder sell parking ..?

          For Marathi translation of this blog ЁЯСЙhttps://engineerpravinkadam.blogspot.com/2020/11/blog-post.html

   'Parking' is an intimate subject when buying a flat in the society.  There are many misconceptions about whether a builder can sell a flat as well as a parking lot.  Let's take a brief look at the legal information about this.  Let us briefly look at the legal information about this.

 Two types of parking are generally recognized by law. 

 1.  Common / open parking and stealth parking  and

  2.  Covered / Garage Parking .

 ЁЯСЙ The Maharashtra Ownership Flats Act (MOFA) 1963 and the recently passed Rera Act discuss the duties, responsibilities and rights of builder-promoters and the rights of flat customers.  It also includes common space, amenities.  Although the Rera Act has been passed, the Mofa Act has not been repealed by it and the provisions of the Mofa Act apply as long as they do not go against the Rera Act.

 The Development Control Rules approved by the Government have been implemented by the Pune Municipal Corporation and are subject to change from time to time.  According to this regulation, according to the number of flats, the calculation of how much parking should be provided for bicycles, two-wheelers and four-wheelers is given.  According to this calculation, the construction plan of the building is not approved by the municipality without giving information about how much parking has been provided in the respective building.  That is why parking is mandatory in every multi-storey building.

 ЁЯСЙ Common / open parking and stealth parking cannot be sold to builder 

 In the past, it was the responsibility of the builder to mention in the advertisement what the common areas and facilities would be like under the Mofa Act.  Section 2 (n) of the RERA Act now gives a clear list of common areas and facilities, while subsection (iii) clearly mentions base parking, terraces, parks, play areas as well as open parking in common facilities.  Is.  This open parking also includes "stealth parking".  In fact, its meaning is hidden in the name "Common". An important decision on this question was taken by Hon'ble Supreme Court, "Nahalchand Lalunchand Pvt.  Ltd.  Virudh Panchali Co.Op.  Society (A.I.R. 2010 SC 3607) ', it is still applicable today.

 In this case, Hon.  While upholding the judgment of the Mumbai High Court, Hon.  The Supreme Court noted that common or open parking does not fit the definition of "flat" in some MoFA laws and therefore the builder has no right to sell it.  Similarly, the builder does not have the right to sell "stealth" parking as a garage;  When selling a flat, the common area payments are taken by the builder from each flat holder in proportion to the carpet area of ​​the flat, so there is no financial loss to the builder.  The Supreme Court has ruled.  Therefore, such open or stealth parking cannot be sold to the builder, as its use is common.  Similarly, after the completion of the construction of the building, the builder is bound to make a purchase deed of both the land and the building on it in the name of the society.  That is why such open space cannot be sold to the builder as a flat holder as parking.

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 ЁЯСЙ Covered / Garage parking can be sold to builder 

 "A parking space in a building that is enclosed by a wall on all three sides and has a roof above, but does not include an enclosed parking space such as an open parking lot" is defined as "garage" under Section 2 (y) of the Rera Act.  This is what we call 'covered parking' in practical terms.  However, the definition of covered parking under RERA Rules 2 (j) is slightly different from that of closed or covered parking spaces approved as per the construction regulations.  This includes "mechanized parking" currently available.  F. published on the web site of Maharashtra.  A.  In response to Q (Frequently Asked Questions) No. 9, common parking cannot be sold in reply, but it is mentioned that 'covered parking' can be sold as mentioned in Rule 2 (j).  Similarly, if you look at the draft agreement given in the Rera Act, it also shows that covered parking can be sold, but its price has to be shown separately from the price of the flat.  There have also been cases of some members creating their own 'covered' parking lots by putting iron grills against the approved map in the open common parking lot, but this is not expected by law.

   ЁЯСЙSociety and parking 

 Society by Lodge no.  The General Body has the power to decide on parking rules, parking fees, etc. as per 72-84 parking.  This is the subject of a separate article.

We briefly explained where parking can be sold or not by law.  But whether any law applies depends on the background of the case.  Although the law is in place, it is still limited given the number of vehicles available.

  There is no space for car parking at home or at work, so many people are now considering options like Ola-Uber.  Suppose the issue of covered parking is resolved, but there is a lot of debate in societies over common parking, and in such cases, first-come, first-served, lottery-fixing and annual slots are decided by by-laws.  In this way, it is more appropriate for everyone to discriminate.

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Sunday, November 8, 2020

рдмिрд▓्рдбрд░рд▓ा рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рд╡िрдХрддा рдпेрддे рдХा..?

ЁЯСЙ рд╕ोрд╕ाрдпрдЯीрдордз्рдпे рдл्рд▓ॅрдЯ рдШेрддाрдиा 'рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ'  рд╣ा рдЬिрд╡्рд╣ाрд│्рдпाрдЪा рд╡िрд╖рдп рдЕрд╕рддो. рдмिрд▓्рдбрд░  рдл्рд▓ॅрдЯ рдмрд░ोрдмрд░ рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рджेрдЦीрд▓ рд╡िрдХू рд╢рдХрддो  рдХी рдиाрд╣ी рд╣्рдпा рдмрдж्рджрд▓  рдмрд░ेрдЪрд╕े рдЧैрд░рд╕рдордЬ рджिрд╕ूрди рдпेрддाрдд.   рд╣्рдпा рдмрдж्рджрд▓рдЪी рдеोрдбрдХ्рдпाрдд рдХाрдпрджेрд╢ीрд░ рдоाрд╣िрддी рдЖрдкрдг рдмрдШूрдпा. рд╣्рдпा рдмрдж्рджрд▓рдЪी  рдХाрдпрджेрд╢ीрд░ рдоाрд╣िрддी рдеोрдбрдХ्рдпाрдд рдЖрдкрдг рдмрдШूрдпा.

ЁЯСЙ рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧрдЪे реи рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ рд╕ाрдзाрд░рдгрдкрдгे рдХाрдпрдж्рдпाрдиे рдУрд│рдЦрд▓े рдЬाрддाрдд.

рез.  рд╕ाрдоाрдИрдХ  (рдХॉрдорди /рдУрдкрди)рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рдЖрдгि рд╕्рдЯीрд▓्рдЯ рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ* рдЖрдгि 

реи. рдХрд╡्рд╣рд░्рдб / рдЧॅрд░ेрдЬ рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ

ЁЯСЙ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рдУрдирд░рд╢िрдк рдл्рд▓ॅрдЯ्рд╕ рдНрдХ्рдЯ (рдоोрдлा) резрепремрей рд╣ा рдЖрдж्рдп рдХाрдпрджा рдЖрдгि рдиुрдХрддाрдЪ рдкाрд░िрдд рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓ा рд░ेрд░ा рдХाрдпрджा рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрдордз्рдпे рдмिрд▓्рдбрд░-рдк्рд░рдоोрдЯрд░ рд╣्рдпांрдЪी рдХрд░्рддрд╡्рдпे, рдЬрдмाрдмрджाрд▒्рдпा рдЖрдгि рдл्рд▓ॅрдЯ рдЧ्рд░ाрд╣рдХांрдЪे рд╣рдХ्рдХ-рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ рдЖрдгि  рд╣्рдпांрдЪा рдЙрд╣ाрдкोрд╣ рдХेрд▓ेрд▓ा рдЖрдврд│ूрди рдпेрддो. рдд्рдпाрдордз्рдпे рдХॉрдорди рдЬाрдЧा, рдНрдоिрдиिрдЯीрдЬ рд╣्рдпांрдЪाрд╣ी рд╕рдоाрд╡ेрд╢ рд╣ोрддो.  рд░ेрд░ा рдХाрдпрджा рдЬрд░ी рдкाрд░िрдд рдЭाрд▓ा рдЕрд╕рд▓ा рддрд░ी, рдоोрдлा рдХाрдпрджा рдд्рдпाрдиे рд░рдж्рдж рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓ा рдиाрд╣ी рдЖрдгि рдоोрдлा рдХाрдпрдж्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा  рддрд░рддुрджी рдЬो рдкрд░्рдпंрдд рд░ेрд░ा рдХाрдпрдж्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рд╡िрд░ुрдж्рдз рд╣ोрдд рдиाрд╣ीрдд рддो рдкрд░्рдпंрдд рдд्рдпा рд▓ाрдЧू рд╣ोрддाрдд. 

рд╕рд░рдХाрд░рдиे  рд╕ंрдордд рдХेрд▓ेрд▓ी рд╡िрдХाрд╕ рдиिрдпंрдд्рд░рдг рдиिрдпрдоाрд╡рд▓ी  ( рдбेрд╡्рд╣рд▓рдкрдоेंрдЯ рдХрди्рдЯ्рд░ोрд▓ рд░ुрд▓्рд╕ ) рдкुрдгे рдорд╣ाрдирдЧрд░рдкाрд▓िрдХेрдиे рд▓ाрдЧू рдХेрд▓ेрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпाрдордз्рдпे рдХाрд│ाрдиुрд░ूрдк рдмрджрд▓ рджेрдЦीрд▓ рдХेрд▓े рдЬाрддाрдд. рд╣्рдпा рдиिрдпрдоाрд╡рд▓ीрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे  рдл्рд▓ॅрдЯ्рд╕рдЪ्рдпा рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпेрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рд╕ाрдпрдХрд▓, рджुрдЪाрдХी рд╡ рдЪाрд░рдЪाрдХी рд╡ाрд╣рдиांрд╕ाрдаी рдХिрддी рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдХрд░ूрди рдж्рдпाрд╡े, рдпाрд╕ंрдмंрдзीрдЪे рдЧрдгिрдд рджिрд▓ेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े. рдпा рдЧрдгिрддाрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рд╕ंрдмंрдзिрдд рдЗрдоाрд░рддीрдордз्рдпे рддुрдо्рд╣ी рдХिрддी рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдХрд░ूрди рджिрд▓ेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े, рдпाрдЪी рдоाрд╣िрддी рджिрд▓्рдпाрд╢िрд╡ाрдп рдкाрд▓िрдХेрдд рдд्рдпा рдЗрдоाрд░рддीрдЪा рдмांрдзрдХाрдо рдирдХाрд╢ा  рд╕ंрдордд рдХेрд▓ा рдЬाрдд рдиाрд╣ी. рдо्рд╣рдгूрдирдЪ рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдмрд╣ुрдордЬрд▓ी рдЗрдоाрд░рддीрд▓ा  рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рджेрдгे рд╣े рдиिрдпрдоाрдиे рдмंрдзрдирдХाрд░рдХ рдЖрд╣े. 

ЁЯСЙ рдХॉрдорди /рдУрдкрди рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рдЖрдгि рд╕्рдЯीрд▓्рдЯ рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рдмिрд▓्рдбрд░рд▓ा рд╡िрдХрддा рдпेрдд рдиाрд╣ी.

рдкूрд░्рд╡ी 'рдоोрдлा' рдХाрдпрдж्рдпाрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рд╕ाрдоाрдИрдХ (рдХॉрдорди) рдПрд░िрдпा рдЖрдгि рдлॅрд╕िрд▓िрдЯीрдЬ рдХोрдгрдд्рдпा рдЕрд╕рддीрд▓ рд╣्рдпाрдЪा рдЙрд▓्рд▓ेрдЦ рдЬाрд╣िрд░ाрддीрдордз्рдпे рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдЪी рдЬрдмाрдмрджाрд░ी рдмिрд▓्рдбрд░  рд╡рд░ рд╣ोрддी. рдЖрддा  рд░ेрд░ा рдХाрдпрдж्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдХрд▓рдо реи (рдПрди) рдордз्рдпे рд╕ाрдоाрдИрдХ (рдХॉрдорди) рдПрд░िрдпा рдЖрдгि рдлॅрд╕िрд▓िрдЯीрдЬ рдХोрдгрдд्рдпा рдаेрд╡ाрдпрд▓ा рд▓ाрдЧрддीрд▓  рд╣्рдпाрдЪी рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ  рдпाрджीрдЪ  рджिрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े, рддрд░ рдЙрдкрдХрд▓рдо (iii ) рдордз्рдпे рдмेрд╕рдоेंрдЯ, рдЧрдЪ्рдЪी, рдкाрд░्рдХ, рдк्рд▓े рдПрд░िрдпा рд╣्рдпाрдЪ рдмрд░ोрдмрд░  рдУрдкрди рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧрдЪा рджेрдЦीрд▓ рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдЙрд▓्рд▓ेрдЦ рдХॉрдорди рдлॅрд╕िрд▓िрдЯीрдЬ рдордз्рдпे  рдХेрд▓ेрд▓ा рдЖрд╣े. рд╣्рдпा рдУрдкрди рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рдордз्рдпे "рд╕्рдЯीрд▓्рдЯ рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ" рдЪा рджेрдЦीрд▓ рд╕рдоाрд╡ेрд╢ рд╣ोрддो. рдЦрд░े рддрд░ "рд╕ाрдоाрдИрдХ /рдХॉрдорди рд╣्рдпा рдиाрд╡ाрдордз्рдпेрдЪ рдд्рдпाрдЪा рдЕрд░्рде рджрдбрд▓ा .  рдЖрд╣े. рд╣्рдпाрдЪ рдк्рд░рд╢्рдиाрд╡рд░ рдорд╣рдд्рд╡рдкूрд░्рдг рдиिрдХाрд▓ рдоा. рд╕рд░्рд╡ोрдЪ्рдЪ рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдпाрдиे, "рдирд╣ाрд▓рдЪंрдж рд▓ाрд▓ूंрдЪंрдж рдк्рд░ा. рд▓ि . рд╡िрд░ुрдж्рдз рдкांрдЪाрд▓ी рдХो.рдСрдк. рд╕ोрд╕ाрдпрдЯी (рдП. рдЖрдп. рдЖрд░.  реирежрезреж рдПрд╕ рд╕ी. рейремрежрен)'  рд╣्рдпा рдХेрд╕рдордз्рдпे рджिрд▓ेрд▓ा рдЖрд╣े, рддो рдЖрдЬрд╣ी рд▓ाрдЧू рд╣ोрддो. 

*рд╣्рдпा рдХेрд╕ рдордз्рдпे рдоा. рдоुंрдмрдИ рдЙрдЪ्рдЪ рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдпाрдЪा рдиिрдХाрд▓ рдХाрдпрдо рдаेрд╡рддाрдиा рдоा. рд╕рд░्рд╡ोрдЪ्рдЪ рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓ाрдпрдиे рдирдоूрдж рдХेрд▓े рдХी рдХॉрдорди рдХिंрд╡ा рдУрдкрди рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рд╣े рдХाрд╣ी 'рдоोрдлा' рдХाрдпрдж्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा "рдл्рд▓ॅрдЯ" рдЪ्рдпा рд╡्рдпाрдЦ्рдпेрдордз्рдпे рдмрд╕рдд рдиाрд╣ी рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рддे рд╡िрдХрдг्рдпाрдЪा рдмिрд▓्рдбрд░рд▓ा рдЕрдЬिрдмाрдд рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ рдиाрд╣ी* . рдд्рдпाрдЪрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे "рд╕्рдЯीрд▓्рдЯ" рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рджेрдЦीрд▓ рдЧॅрд░ेрдЬ рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рд╡िрдХрдг्рдпाрдЪा рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ рдмिрд▓्рдбрд░рд▓ा рдиाрд╣ी; рдПрдХрддрд░ рдл्рд▓ॅрдЯ рд╡िрдХрддाрдиा рдХॉрдорди рдПрд░िрдпाрдЪे  рдкैрд╕े рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдл्рд▓ॅрдЯ рдзाрд░рдХांрдХрдбूрди рдл्рд▓ॅрдЯрдЪ्рдпा рдХाрд░्рдкेрдЯ рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░рдлрд│ाрдЪ्рдпा рдк्рд░рдоाрдгाрдд  рдмिрд▓्рдбрд░рдиे рдШेрддрд▓ेрд▓ेрдЪ рдЕрд╕рддाрдд, рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдмिрд▓्рдбрд░ांрдЪे  рдЖрд░्рдеिрдХ рдиुрдХрд╕ाрди рджेрдЦीрд▓ рд╣ोрдд рдиाрд╣ी, рдЕрд╢्рдпा   рд╕्рдк्рд╖्рдЯ рд╢рдм्рджाрдд рдоा. рд╕рд░्рд╡ोрдЪ्рдЪ рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдпाрдиे рдиिрдХाрд▓ рджिрд▓ा рдЖрд╣े.  рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдЕрд╕े рдУрдкрди рдХिंрд╡ा рд╕्рдЯीрд▓्рдЯ рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рдмिрд▓्рдбрд░рд▓ा   рд╡िрдХрддा рдпेрдд рдиाрд╣ी, рдХाрд░рдг рдд्рдпाрдЪा рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧ рд╣ा рд╕ाрдоाрдИрдХ  рдЕрд╕рддो. рдд्рдпाрдЪрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рдЗрдоाрд░рдд рдмांрдзूрди рдкूрд░्рдг рдЭाрд▓्рдпाрдиंрддрд░ рдмिрд▓्рдбрд░рд▓ा  рдЬрдоीрди рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпाрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рдЗрдоाрд░рдд рдпा рджोрди्рд╣ींрдЪे рдЦрд░ेрджीрдЦрдд рд╕ोрд╕ाрдпрдЯीрдЪ्рдпा рдиाрд╡ाрдиे рдХрд░ूрди рджेрдгे рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬेрдЪ рдХрди्рд╡्рд╣ेрдпрди्рд╕ рдХрд░ूрди рджेрдгे рдмंрдзрдирдХाрд░рдХ рдЕрд╕рддे. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рджेрдЦीрд▓ рдЕрд╢ी  рдУрдкрди рдЬाрдЧा рдмिрд▓्рдбрд░рд▓ा рдл्рд▓ॅрдЯ рдзाрд░рдХाрд▓ा рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рд╡िрдХрддा рдпेрдд рдиाрд╣ी. 

ЁЯСЙ рдХрд╡्рд╣рд░्рдб / рдЧॅрд░ेрдЬ рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ  рдмिрд▓्рдбрд░рд▓ा рд╡िрдХрддा рдпेрддे.

"рдЗрдоाрд░рддीрдордзीрд▓  рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧрдЪी рдЕрд╢ी рдЬाрдЧा рдХी рдЬिрдЪ्рдпा рддीрдирд╣ी  рдмाрдЬू  рднिंрддींрдиी рдмंрджिрд╕्рдд рдЕрд╕ूрди рд╡рд░рддी рдЫрдд рдЖрд╣े, рдкрд░ंрддु рдЬ्рдпाрдордз्рдпे рдУрдкрди рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧрд╕ाрд░рдЦ्рдпा рдмंрджिрд╕्рдд рдирд╕рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рдЬाрдЧेрдЪा  рд╕рдоाрд╡ेрд╢ рд╣ोрдд рдиाрд╣ी" рдЕрд╢ी рд╡्рдпाрдЦ्рдпा  рд░ेрд░ा рдХाрдпрдж्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдХрд▓рдо реи (рд╡ाрдп) рдЕрди्рд╡рдпे "рдЧॅрд░ेрдЬ" рдЪी рдХेрд▓ेрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े. рд╣्рдпाрд▓ाрдЪ рдЖрдкрдг рд╡्рдпाрд╡рд╣ाрд░िрдХ рднाрд╖ेрдд 'рдХрд╡्рд╣рд░्рдб рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ' рдо्рд╣рдгрддो. рдкрд░ंрддु  рд░ेрд░ा рдиिрдпрдоाрд╡рд▓ी   рдиिрдпрдо реи (рдЬे ) рдЕрди्рд╡рдпे рдХрд╡्рд╣рд░्рдб рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧрдЪी  рд╡्рдпाрдЦ्рдпा рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े рддी рдеोрдбी рд╡ेрдЧрд│ी рдЖрд╣े , рдЬ्рдпाрдд рдмांрдзрдХाрдо рдиिрдпрдоाрд╡рд▓ीрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рдоाрди्рдп рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓ी рдмंрджिрд╕्рдд рдХिंрд╡ा рдЖрдЪ्рдЫाрджिрдд рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рдЬाрдЧा  рдЕрд╕े рдирдоूрдж рдХेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े. рд╣्рдпा рдордз्рдпे рд╕рдз्рдпा рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдХрд░ूрди рджेрдг्рдпाрдд рдпेрдгाрд▒्рдпा "рдоेрдХॅрдиाрдЗрдЬ्рдб  рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ" рдЪा рджेрдЦीрд▓ рд╕рдоाрд╡ेрд╢ рд╣ोрддो.    рдорд╣ाрд░ेрд░ाрдЪ्рдпा  рд╡ेрдм рд╕ाрдИрдЯрд╡рд░ рдк्рд░рд╕िрдж्рдз рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдПрдл. рдП. рдХ्рдпू (рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдпрдкрдгे  рд╡िрдЪाрд░рд▓ेрд▓े рдЬाрдгाрд░े рдк्рд░рд╢्рди)  рдХ्рд░рдоांрдХ - реп рдЪ्рдпा рдЕрдиुрд╖ंрдЧाрдиे    рдЙрдд्рддрд░ाрджाрдЦрд▓ рдХॉрдорди рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рд╡िрдХрддा рдпेрдгाрд░ рдиाрд╣ी, рдкрдг  рдиिрдпрдо реи (рдЬे )  рдордз्рдпे рдирдоूрдж рдХेрд▓्рдпाрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे 'рдХрд╡्рд╣рд░्рдб рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ' рд╡िрдХрддा  рдпेрдИрд▓ рдЕрд╕े рдирдоूрдж рдХेрд▓्рдпाрдЪे рджिрд╕ूрди рдпेрддे. рдд्рдпाрдЪ рдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рд░ेрд░ा рдХाрдпрдж्рдпाрдордз्рдпे рджिрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдХрд░ाрд░рдиाрдо्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдорд╕ुрджा рдкाрд╣िрд▓्рдпाрд╕ рдд्рдпाрдд рджेрдЦीрд▓  рджेрдЦीрд▓ рдХрд╡्рд╣рд░्рдб рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рд╡िрдХрддा  рдпेрдИрд▓, рдоाрдд्рд░ рдд्рдпाрдЪी рдХिंрдордд  рдл्рд▓ॅрдЯрдЪ्рдпा рдХिंрдорддीрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा  рд╕्рд╡рддंрдд्рд░рдкрдгे рджाрдЦрд╡ाрд╡ी  рдХрд░ाрд╡ी рд▓ाрдЧेрд▓ рдЕрд╕े рдирдоूрдж рдХेрд▓्рдпाрдЪे  рджिрд╕ूрди рдпेрддे. рдХाрд╣ी рд╕рднाрд╕рджांрдиी рдоोрдХрд│्рдпा рдХॉрдорди рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧрдордз्рдпे рдоंрдЬूрд░ рдирдХाрд╢ाрдЪ्рдпा рд╡िрд░ुрдж्рдз рд▓ोрдЦंрдбी рдЧ्рд░ीрд▓ рд▓ाрд╡ूрди рд╕्рд╡рддःрдЪ  'рдХрд╡्рд╣рд░्рдб' рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рддрдпाрд░ рдХेрд▓्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдШрдЯрдиाрд╣ी рджिрд╕ूрди рдпेрддाрдд, рдоाрдд्рд░ рд╣े рдХाрдпрдж्рдпाрд▓ा рдЕрдкेрдХ्рд╖िрдд рдиाрд╣ी. 


ЁЯСЙ рд╕ोрд╕ाрдпрдЯी рдЖрдгि рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ

рд╕ोрд╕ाрдпрдЯी рдмाрдп рд▓ॉрдЬ рдХ्рд░. ренреи-реорек рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рдмрдж्рджрд▓рдЪे рдиिрдпрдо, рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рдлिрдЬ рдЗрдд्рдпाрджी рдард░рд╡िрдг्рдпाрдЪे рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ рдЬрдирд░рд▓ рдмॉрдбीрд▓ा рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рд╣ा рдПрдХ рд╕्рд╡рддंрдд्рд░ рд▓ेрдЦाрдЪा рд╡िрд╖рдп рдЖрд╣े.

ЁЯСЙ рдХाрдпрджрдпाрдиे рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рдХुрдард▓े  рд╡िрдХрддा рдпेрддे рдХिंрд╡ा рдХुрдард▓े рдиाрд╣ी рд╣्рдпाрдЪी рдЖрдкрдг рдеोрдбрдХ्рдпाрдд рдоाрд╣िрддी рдШेрддрд▓ी. рдкрд░ंрддु рдХुрдард▓ाрд╣ी рдХाрдпрджा рд▓ाрдЧू рд╣ोрддो рдХी рдиाрд╣ी рд╣े рдд्рдпा рдд्рдпा рдХेрд╕рдЪ्рдпा рдкाрд░्рд╢्рд╡рднूрдоीрд╡рд░ рдЕрд╡рд▓ंрдмूрди рдЕрд╕рддे. рдХाрдпрджा рдд्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдЬाрдЧी рдЕрд╕рд▓ा  рддрд░ी рд╕рдз्рдпा рд╡ाрд╣рдиांрдЪी рд╡ाрдврд▓ेрд▓ी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा рдмрдШрддा рдХिрддीрд╣ी рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдХрд░ूрди рджिрд▓े рддрд░ी рддे рдХрдоीрдЪ рдЖрд╣े.

 рдШрд░ी рдХिंрд╡ा рдХाрдоाрдЪ्рдпा рдаिрдХाрдгी рдЧाрдбी рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧрд▓ा рдЬाрдЧा рдиाрд╣ी, рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдХिрдд्рдпेрдХ рд▓ोрдХ рдЖрддा рдУрд▓ा -рдЙрдмрд░ рд╕ाрд░рдЦ्рдпा рдкрд░्рдпाрдпांрдЪा рд╡िрдЪाрд░ рдХрд░ाрдпрд▓ा рд▓ाрдЧрд▓े рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рд╕рдордЬा рдХрд╡्рд╣рд░्рдб рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧрдЪा рдк्рд░рд╢्рди рд╕ुрдЯрд▓ा рддрд░ी рд╕ोрд╕ाрдпрдЯ्рдпांрдордз्рдпे рдХॉрдорди  рдкाрд░्рдХिंрдЧ рд╡рд░ूрди рдмрд░ेрдЪрд╕े рд╡ाрджрд╡िрд╡ाрдж рд╣ोрдд рдЕрд╕рддाрдд рдЖрдгि рдЕрд╢्рдпा рд╡ेрд│ी рдк्рд░рдердо рдЖрд▓ेрд▓्рдпाрд╕ рдк्рд░рдердо рдк्рд░ाрдзाрди्рдп рдХिंрд╡ा рд▓ॉрдЯрд░ी рдХाрдвूрди рд╡ाрд░्рд╖िрдХ рд╕्рд▓ॉрдЯ рдард░рд╡िрдгे рдЕрд╕े рдЙрдкाрдп рдЙрдк-рдиिрдпрдоांрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рдХेрд▓े рдЬाрддाрдд. рдЕрд╢्рдпा   рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ाрдд рд╕рд░्рд╡ांрдиी  рддाрд░рддрдо्рдп рдмाрд│рдЧрдгे рдЬाрд╕्рдд рдЬाрд╕्рдд рдЙрдЪिрдд рдард░рддे. 

рдЬрд░ рддुрдо्рд╣ी рдЕрд╢्рдпाрдЪ рдк्рд░рдХाрд░рдЪी рдЕрдЬुрди рдоाрд╣िрддी рдЬाрдгूрди рдШेрдК    рдЗрдЪ्рдЫिрдд рдЖрд╣ाрдд рддрд░ рдЖрдордЪ्рдпा рдЧ्рд░ुрдк рд▓ा рдЖрдЬрдЪ рдЬॉрдЗрди рдХрд░ा. 

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рдЬрд░ рддुрдо्рд╣ाрд▓ा рд╣ा рдм्рд▓ॉрдЧ рдЖрд╡рдбрд▓ा рдЕрд╕ेрд▓ рддрд░ рдирдХ्рдХी share рдХрд░ा, like рдХрд░ा рдЖрдгि follow рдХрд░ा.

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